EMPLOYMENT OF MAIZE SILAGE IN NON-LIQUID FERMENTATION FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION

Abstract KARAFIÁT, Z., VÍTĚZ, T., SOMERLÍKOVÁ, K., GADUŠ, J., HAITL, M., KOUTNÝ, T.: Employment of maize silage in non-liquid fermentation for biogas production. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 6, pp. 153-160 This paper deals with the optimization of the anaerobic fermentation process of maize silage using the non-liquid technology. The aim of the paper is to increase the knowledge necessary for more effi cient running of biogas stations using batch technology of non-liquid fermentation. The preferable ratio of initial materials, fresh maize silage and maize silage a er partial fermentation, was verifi ed within this experiment. Dynamics of the process, especially the quantity and quality of produced biogas has been monitored during the experiment. All the experiments have been done in the batch-system fermentors of volume of 0.48 m 3 equipped with an independent and indirect circuit of water heating, the heat has been transferred to the material throught the steel wall of the fermentor. The material has been tested in the mesophilic conditions with the temperature of the 38 °C. The retention time of material in fermentors has been 27 days. The results of our experiments reveal the fact that the maize silage of lower mix ratio produced about 22.8 % more of biogas counted to one kilogram of dry matter than the maize silage of higher mix ratio. non-liquid substrates, anaerobic fermentation, biogas, maize silage Transformations of biogas off er a large scale of advantages in comparison with the other technologies using the renewable sources of energy. Biogas technologies were evaluated as the most power-effi cient and ecologically rewarding technologies of energy production coming from renewable sources (Fehrenbach, 2008). One of the perspectives according to which technologies of biogas production can be distinguished is the content of dry matter (DM) in the processed material. Generally speaking, when the content of dry matter is up to 15 % we talk about technology of liquid fermentation otherwise when the content of dry matter is higher we talk about non-liquid fermentation. Due to the absence of complete information about the process of fermentation of non-liquid substrates, laboratories for research of non-liquid fermentation have been put into operation. This project was implemented by FORTEX AGS Ltd. in cooperation with Mendel University in Brno. This paper deals with the use of maize silage in non-liquid fermentation technology. It is usually the discontinual technology with percolate spraying, without mechanical mixing of fermented material, which is used for fermentation of energy crop

Parsing based on n-path tree - controlled grammars

This paper discusses recently introduced kind of linguistically motivated restriction placed on tree-controlled grammars-context-free grammars with some root-to-leaf paths in their derivation trees restricted by a control language. We deal with restrictions placed on n greater-than or equal to 1 paths controlled by a deterministic context-free language, and we recall several basic properties of such a rewriting system. Then, we study the possibilities of corresponding parsing methods working in polynomial time and demonstrate that some non-context-free languages can be generated by this regulated rewriting model. Furthermore, we illustrate the syntax analysis of LL grammars with controlled paths. Finally, we briefly discuss how to base parsing methods on bottom-up syntax-analysis

Parsing Based on n-Path Tree-Controlled Grammars

This paper discusses recently introduced kind of linguistically motivated restriction placed on tree-controlled grammars-context-free grammars with some root-to-leaf paths in their derivation trees restricted by a control language. We deal with restrictions placed on n greater-than or equal to 1 paths controlled by a deterministic context-free language, and we recall several basic properties of such a rewriting system. Then, we study the possibilities of corresponding parsing methods working in polynomial time and demonstrate that some non-context-free languages can be generated by this regulated rewriting model. Furthermore, we illustrate the syntax analysis of LL grammars with controlled paths. Finally, we briefly discuss how to base parsing methods on bottom-up syntax-analysis

Analiza ilościowa i jakościowa nowych odmian kukurydzy energetycznej dla celów fermentacji beztlenowej

A number of biogas plants (BP) has rapidly increased in last few years. This is due to many factors. One of the most important was passing the law on renewable energy. For effective treatment of BP good supply of quality input materials is necessary. The seeds companies focus their breeders programs to get new energy cultivars. The aim of this work was to confirm the characteristics of new energy maize cultivars for biogas production. Three new energy maize cultivars Cassilas, Fernandez and Atletico were tested. They were cultivated by KWS company and were tested in anaerobic, mesophillic conditions. Tests were carried out in batch lab scale reactors of operational volume 0.12 m3. Cassilas cultivar gave the highest production of biogas, which reached 0.356 m3*kg-1, followed by Atletico 0.342 m3*kg-1 and Fernandez 0.327 m3*kg-1 of total solids. The greatest methane production per m2 was achieved by Fernandez cultivar 0.659 m3*m-2, followed by Atletico 0.612 m3*m-2 and Cassilas - 0.601 m3*m-2.Liczba biogazowni wzrosła w ostatnich latach. Spowodowane jest to wieloma czynnikami. Jednym z najważniejszych było wydanie ustawy dotyczącej odnawialnej energii. Zapewnienie wysokiej jakości materiałów wsadowych jest konieczne dla skutecznego działania biogazowni. Firmy nasienne skupiają się na programach hodowlanych tak by osiągnąć odmiany energetyczne: Celem pracy było potwierdzenie charakterystyki nowych odmian kukurydzy energetycznej do produkcji biogazu. Zbadano trzy nowe odmiany kukurydzy energetycznej Cassilas, Fernandez i Atletico. Wyhodowano je w firmie KWS i zbadano w warunkach beztlenowych mezofilicznych. Badania prowadzono w laboratoryjnym reaktorze SBR o objętości roboczej wynoszącej 0,12 m3. Odmiana Cassilas jest odpowiedzialna za najwyższą produkcję biogazu, która osiągnęła 0,356 m3*kg-1, następnie odmiana Atletico - 0,342 m3*kg-1 oraz Fernandez 0,327 m3*kg-1 całkowitej zawartości substancji stałych. Odmiana Fernandez osiągnęła największą produkcję metanu na m2 i wyniosła 0,659 m3*m-2, następnie odmiana Atletico - 0,612 m3*m-2 i odmiana Cassilas - 0,601 m3*m-2

Acquired biodegradability of polyethylenes containing pro-oxidant additives

Byla studována biodegradabilita HDPE a LDPE filmů obsahujících vyváženou směs antioxidantů a prooxidantů za působení definovaných bakteriálních kmenů Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Nocardia asteroides v minerálním médiu. Po abiotické preoxidaci zahrnující fotooxidaci a termooxidaci odpovídající asi 3 rokům ve venkovních podmínkách byly vzorky inokulovány, inkubovány 200 dnů a během této doby byla metabolická aktivita sledována pomocí stanovení ATP. Současně byly kultury sledovány také pomocí optické mikroskopie a FTIR spektroskopie. První úvodní fáze rychlého růstu způsobeného přítomností nízkomolekulárních látek byla následována dlouhým obdobím stabilní metabolické aktivity naznačující, že mikroorganismy stále získávali energii ze substrátu, ovšem evidentně menší rychlostí. Doplňkové analýzy provedené na konci inkubace ukázaly, že během experimentu byla patrně pozměněna pouze povrchová vrstva vzorku.Biodegrability of high density polyethylene film (HDPE) and low density polyethylene film (LDPE) both containing a balance of antioxidants and pro-oxidants was studied with defined microbial strains particularly with Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Nocardia asteroides in mineral medium. After an abiotic pre-treatment consisting of photooxidation and thermo-oxidation corresponding to about 3 years of outdoor weathering the samples were inoculated, incubated up to 200 days and during the period their metabolic activities were followed by measuring adenosine triphosphate content. Simultaneously the cultures were also monitored by optical microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The first initial phase of fast growth caused by the presence of low molecular extractable compounds was followed by a long period of stabilized metabolic activity suggesting that microorganisms continued to gain energy from the substrate but evidently at a much slower rate. Complementary analysis performed at the end of incubation revealed that during the experiment time biodegradation processes probably affected surface layer of materials only

Reading out Fisher information from the zeros of the point spread function

We show that, for optical systems whose point spread functions exhibit isolated zeros, the information one can gain about the separation between two incoherent point light sources does not scale quadratically with the separation (which is the distinctive dependence causing Rayleigh’s curse) but only linearly. Moreover, the dominant contribution to the separation information comes from regions in the vicinity of these zeros. We experimentally confirm this idea, demonstrating significant superresolution using natural or artificially created spectral doublets