Heterogeneity of G-protein activation by the calcium-sensing receptor

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a fundamental role in extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(e)) homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone release and urinary calcium excretion. The CaSR has been described to activate all four G protein subfamilies (Gα(q/11), Gα(i/o), Gα(12/13), Gα(s)), and mutations in the receptor that cause hyper/hypocalcaemia, have been described to bias receptor signalling. However, many of these studies are based on measurements of second messengers or gene transcription that occurs many steps downstream of receptor activation and can represent convergence points of several signalling pathways. Therefore, to assess CaSR-mediated G protein activation directly, we took advantage of a recently described NanoBiT G protein dissociation assay system. Our studies, performed in HEK293 cells stably expressing CaSR, demonstrate that Ca(2+)(e) stimulation activates all Gα(q/11) family and several Gα(i/o) family proteins, although Gα(z) was not activated. CaSR stimulated dissociation of Gα(12/13) and Gα(s) from Gβ-subunits, but this occurred at a slower rate than that of other Gα-subunits. Investigation of cDNA expression of G proteins in three tissues abundantly expressing CaSR, the parathyroids, kidneys and pancreas, showed Gα(11), Gα(z), Gα(i1) and Gα(13) genes were highly expressed in parathyroid tissue, indicating CaSR most likely activates Gα(11) and Gα(i1) in parathyroids. In kidney and pancreas, the majority of G proteins were similarly expressed, suggesting CaSR may activate multiple G proteins in these cells. Thus, these studies validate a single assay system that can be used to robustly assess CaSR variants and biased signalling and could be utilised in the development of new pharmacological compounds targeting CaSR

Effect of Channel Equalization Schemes in Performance Evaluation of a Secured Convolutional Encoded DWT Based MIMO MC-CDMA System

In this research work, performance of different channel equalization techniques and various M-ary modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) for DWT based MIMO Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) wireless communication system has been analyzed through simulation. We propose this system using convolutional coding scheme over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel with implementation of Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code. In this paper, we derive a generalized analytical framework to evaluate the Bit Error rate (BER) with respect to Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) and also use Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode as cryptographic algorithm to encrypt the actual data for security issues

A study on digital transformation in the healthcare sector of Bangladesh: Current scenario and the future roadmap

Purpose: This study investigates the essential characteristics of digitalization and transformation in the healthcare sector in Bangladesh. It also examines the correlation between digital technology and developing factors in the current healthcare system and recommendations to overcome the crises still dwelling within the healthcare framework. Research methodology: To gain a more vital understanding of the underlying insights of Digital Transformations of the healthcare sector of Bangladesh, the authors decided to conduct explorative research in qualitative format. Results: As a developing country with increased economic solvency, Bangladesh is enduring a metamorphosis in medicine & healthcare. Despite inequity in digital-initiated “equality,” developing healthcare systems worldwide are getting in touch with digital technology. Limitations: There are shortcomings in theoretical research as the previous practice of pedagogues and learners is challenged by new-age communication and the healthcare system based on digital technology. Contribution: This study looks at the impressions of current Digital Transformation in pre-existing structures by the people of Bangladesh, and the study proposes a new national health server-centric approach for future solicitation

CHEMICALLY CROSS-LINKED HYDROGEL HAVING HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH

The mechanically tough shape memory gel (SMG) was synthesized. The chemically cross-linked process was applied using a cross-linker named methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA). The SMG was prepared by N, Ndimethyl acrylamide (DMAAm) and stearyl acrylate (SA). The DMAAm is a hydrophilic monomer, whereas SA is a hydrophobic monomer. Due to the transparency, shape memory property, low friction, and high water content, the SMG is suitable for biomedical and optical applications. The physical property such as mechanical strength of most hydrogels is not good enough. However, the properties of these hydrogels are easily controlled by changing the polymer concentration, molecular weight and cross-linker concentrations. It is found that the swelling degree increases with respect to the DMAAm concentration. The mechanical properties of transparent shape memory hydrogel were investigated by the tensile, the compression and the dynamic mechanical analysis. The Young’s modulus gradually decreases with the increase of hydrophilic components. On the other hand, higher Young’s modulus is observed by increasing the high hydrophobic concentration. It is also seen that the mechanical stress decreases with respect to the temperature, indicating the loss of Young’s modulus. The result of dynamic mechanical analysis designates that the water swollen sample has both the elastic and viscous properties