107 research outputs found
Psychiatric manifestations of multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
It is unusual for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis to present as purely psychiatric disorders. We report five patients with such demyelinating diseases and symptoms of psychosis, depression or anxiety. The importance of excluding demyelination as the basis for these psychiatric disturbances is emphasized, especially in the presence of unexplained neurologic findings. The possible relationship between psychiatric symptoms and demyelinating disorders is explored
First Midwives in the Town of Bjelovar, Croatia 1756-1856
Prve izuÄene (aprobirane) primalje dolaze u novoosnovani Bjelovar, jako vojno srediÅ”te Vojne krajine poÄetkom druge polovice XVIII. stoljeÄa zajedno s vojnim lijeÄnicima, kirurzima i ljekarnicima, a veÄina njih je germanskoga podrijetla. U do sada neistraženom arhivskom materijalu za razdoblje 1756.-1856. pronaÄeni su podaci o 23 izuÄene primalje, od kojih je 14 bilo pukovnijskih i 9 gradskih primalja. Visok perinatalni pomor djece i majki i kriminalni pobaÄaji karakteristike su toga razdoblja. Uz model domicilnoga primaljstva: skrb za trudnice, rodilje, babinjaÄe, novoroÄenÄad i dojenÄad, primalje u teÅ”kim porodima obavljaju krÅ”tenje iz nužde ugroženoj novoroÄenÄadi ili su pak krsne kume zdravoj dojenÄadi. Premda je u samom gradu Bjelovaru ustrojeno struÄno primaljstvo, u okolici grada i dalje se porodi obavljaju bez struÄne pomoÄi. Za razliku od veÄine tadaÅ”njih gradova kontinentalne Hrvatske, pa i Dalmacije, u Bjelovaru postoji kontinuirano izuÄeno primaljstvo i zaÅ”tita materinstva od polovice XVIII. stoljeÄa.The first trained (certified) midwives came to the newly founded town of Bjelovar, a strong military centre of Vojna Krajina (Croatian province bordering Ottoman Empire), at the beginning of the 1750s, along with army physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists. Most were of German origin. The archival material investigated for the period 1756-1856 speaks of 23 certified midwives, of whom 14 were regimental and nine municipal. This period was characterised by high neonatal and maternal mortality rates and criminal abortions. Within the scope of the domiciliary midwifery model that included care for pregnant women, parturient women, neonates, and infants, midwives used to act as godmothers to newborns at risk, in periculo, or to healthy newborns. Although Bjelovar had professional midwifery service, the practice of unassisted childbirths continued in the town surroundings. Unlike other inland and coastal (Dalmatian) towns of the time, Bjelovar has had a continuous tradition of training midwives and maternal health care since the 1750s
Six year prospective immunological study of alemtuzumab treated patients: identification of markers of the clinical response
Prevalencija infekcije Neisseriom gonorrhoeae ili Chlamydiom trachomatis kod akutnoga mukopurulentnog cervicitisa
The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of N. gonorrhoae (NG) and/or C. trachomatis (CT) in acute mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC). The study included 617 non-pregnant women with MPC, who had not been receiving any antimicrobial treatment. The average age of patients was 22.2 years. There were no statistically significant differences according to place of residence, education, and marital status. Samples for laboratory analysis were collected using a routine procedure; NG was identified using the cytochrome oxidase test and Gram staining. CT was isolated on McCoy cell culture and stained with Lugol solution. NG was isolated in three women (0.8 %) and CT in 58 women (9.4 %). Fifty-six of the CT-positive patients were nullipara and only two were unipara. All NG-positive patients were also nullipara. The mean number of sexual partners was 2.2 in all study subjects, 2.4 in CT-positive subjects, and 2.9 in NG-positive subjects. Vaginal discharge purity according to Schrƶder was significantly deteriorated in CT-positive patients (p=0.011). When asked about the use of contraceptives, as many as 32.7 % patients answered that they did not use any protection, 39 % women used the rhythm method and coitus interruptus, 20 % were taking oral contraceptives, 6.1 % used mechanical devices, and 1.9 % used chemical protection. Previous acute and chronic pelvic infl ammatory diseases correlated with MPC (p<0.01). Our statistical analysis suggests that chlamydial infection significantly reduces the purity of vaginal discharge, which is more pronounced in nulliparae. Pap smear was not specific enough to demonstrate chlamydial infection. In view of the MPC findings, the prevalence of CT and NG infection is low.Cilj istraživanja jest utvrditi koincidenciju N. gonorrhoae (NG) i/ili C. trachomatis (CT) u akutnim mukopurulentnim cervicitisima (MPC). Istraživanje je provedeno na populaciji 617 žena izvan trudnoÄe koje prethodno nisu uzimale antimikrobnu terapiju. NG i CT su izolirane iz obrisaka vrata maternice primjenom standardnih metoda. NG je transportirana na selektivnoj hranjivoj podlozi i identificirana citokrom-oksidaznim testom bojenjem po Gramu. CT je izolirana McCoyevom staniÄnom kulturom nakon bojenja Lugolovom otopinom. NG je izolirana u tri ispitanice (0,8 %), a CT u 58 ispitanica (9,4 %). Srednja dob bolesnica iznosila je 22,2 godine. Å kolovanje i braÄno stanje nisu statistiÄki znaÄajno utjecali na rezultate istraživanja. MeÄu bolesnicama s izoliranom CT prevladavaju nulipare, a u sluÄaju NG sve su pozitivne bolesnice takoÄer bile nulipare. Srednja vrijednost broja partnera za Äitavu populaciju iznosi 2,2. Bolesnice s potvrÄenom CT imale su prosjeÄno 2,4, a one s potvrÄenom NG 2,9 partnera. Vrijednost odreÄivanja stupnja ÄistoÄe rodniÄkog iscjetka po Schroderu znaÄajno je poviÅ”ena u CT-pozitivnih bolesnica (p=0.011). UtvrÄeno je da 32.7 % ispitanica uopÄe nije koristilo kontracepciju, dok je veÄina (39 %) rabila ritmiÄke metode i prekinuti snoÅ”aj. Preostale ispitanice uzimale su oralne kontraceptive (20 %), mehaniÄku zaÅ”titu (6,1 %) ili lokalne kemijske kontraceptive (1,9 %). TakoÄer je dokazano da prethodna akutna i kroniÄna zdjeliÄna upalna bolest korelira s MPC-om (p<0.01). ZakljuÄeno je da klamidijska infekcija statistiÄki znaÄajno korelira sa stupnjem ÄistoÄe rodniÄkog iscjetka, posebice u nulipara. Papanicolaouov razmaz nije specifiÄan u odreÄivanju klamidijske infekcije. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je uÄestalost klamidijske i gonokokne infekcije ipak relativno niska u odnosu na nalaz MPC-a
Breech presentation at term and associated obstetric risks factors-a nationwide population based cohort study
Purpose The aim of this study was to estimate whether breech presentation at term was associated with known individual obstetric risk factors for adverse fetal outcome. Methods This was a retrospective, nationwide Finnish population-based cohort study. Obstetric risks in all breech and vertex singleton deliveries at term were compared between the years 2005 and 2014. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine significant risk factors. Results The breech presentation rate at term for singleton pregnancies was 2.4%. The stillbirth rate in term breech presentation was significantly higher compared to cephalic presentation (0.2 vs 0.1%). The odds ratios (95% CIs) for fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, gestational diabetes, a history of cesarean section and congenital fetal abnormalities were 1.19 CI (1.07-1.32), 1.42 CI (1.27-1.57), 1.06 CI (1.00-1.13), 2.13 (1.98-2.29) and 2.01 CI (1.92-2.11). Conclusions The study showed that breech presentation at term on its own was significantly associated with antenatal stillbirth and a number of individual obstetric risk factors for adverse perinatal outcomes. The risk factors included oligohydramnios, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes, history of caesarean section and congenital anomalies.Peer reviewe
Recommendations for tilt table testing and other provocative cardiovascular autonomic tests in conditions that may cause transient loss of consciousness - Consensus statement of the European Federation of Autonomic Societies (EFAS) endorsed by the American Autonomic Society (AAS) and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN)
An expert committee was formed to reach consensus on the use of tilt table testing (TTT) in the diagnosis of disorders that may cause transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) and to outline when other provocative cardiovascular autonomic tests are needed. While TTT adds to history taking, it cannot be a substitute for it. An abnormal TTT result is most meaningful if the provoked event is recognised by patients or eyewitnesses as similar to spontaneous events. The minimum requirements to perform TTT are a tilt table, a continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure monitor, at least one ECG lead, protocols for the indications stated below and trained staff. This basic equipment lends itself to the performance of (1) additional provocation tests, such as the active standing test, carotid sinus massage and autonomic function tests; (2) additional measurements, such as video, EEG, transcranial Doppler, NIRS, end-tidal CO2 or neuro-endocrine tests; and (3) tailor-made provocation procedures in those with a specific and consistent trigger of TLOC. TTT and other provocative cardiovascular autonomic tests are indicated if the initial evaluation does not yield a definite or highly likely diagnosis, but raises a suspicion of (1) reflex syncope, (2) the three forms of orthostatic hypotension (OH), i.e. initial, classic and delayed OH, as well as delayed orthostatic blood pressure recovery, (3) postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome or (4) psychogenic pseudosyncope. A therapeutic indication for TTT is to teach patients with reflex syncope and OH to recognise hypotensive symptoms and to perform physical counter manoeuvres.Paroxysmal Cerebral Disorder
New MR sequences in daily practice: susceptibility weighted imaging. A pictorial essay
Background Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a
relatively new magnetic resonance (MR) technique that
exploits the magnetic susceptibility differences of various
tissues, such as blood, iron and calcification, as a new
source of contrast enhancement. This pictorial review is
aimed at illustrating and discussing its main clinical
applications.
Methods SWI is based on high-resolution, threedimensional
(3D), fully velocity-compensated gradientecho
sequences using both magnitude and phase images.
A phase mask obtained from the MR phase images is
multiplied with magnitude images in order to increase the
visualisation of the smaller veins and other sources of
susceptibility effects, which are displayed at best after postprocessing
of the 3D dataset with the minimal intensity
projection (minIP) algorithm.
Results SWI is very useful in detecting cerebral microbleeds
in ageing and occult low-flow vascular malformations,
in characterising brain tumours and degenerative diseases of the brain, and in recognizing calcifications in
various pathological conditions. The phase images are
especially useful in differentiating between paramagnetic
susceptibility effects of blood and diamagnetic effects of
calcium. SWI can also be used to evaluate changes in iron
content in different neurodegenerative disorders.
Conclusion SWI is useful in differentiating and characterising
diverse brain disorders
Clinical autonomic nervous system laboratories in Europe. A joint survey of the European Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies
Background and purpose: Disorders of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are common conditions, but it is unclear whether access to ANS healthcare provision is homogeneous across European countries. The aim of this study was to identify neurology-driven or interdisciplinary clinical ANS laboratories in Europe, describe their characteristics and explore regional differences. Methods: We contacted the European national ANS and neurological societies, as well as members of our professional network, to identify clinical ANS laboratories in each country and invite them to answer a web-based survey. Results: We identified 84 laboratories in 22 countries and 46 (55%) answered the survey. All laboratories perform cardiovascular autonomic function tests, and 83% also perform sweat tests. Testing for catecholamines and autoantibodies are performed in 63% and 56% of laboratories, and epidermal nerve fiber density analysis in 63%. Each laboratory is staffed by a median of two consultants, one resident, one technician and one nurse. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of head-up tilt tests/laboratory/year is 105 (49ā251). Reflex syncope and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension are the most frequently diagnosed cardiovascular ANS disorders. Thirty-five centers (76%) have an ANS outpatient clinic, with a median (IQR) of 200 (100ā360) outpatient visits/year; 42 centers (91%) also offer inpatient care (median 20 [IQR 4ā110] inpatient stays/year). Forty-one laboratories (89%) are involved in research activities. We observed a significant difference in the geographical distribution of ANS services among European regions: 11 out of 12 countries from North/West Europe have at least one ANS laboratory versus 11 out of 21 from South/East/Greater Europe (p = 0.021). Conclusions: This survey highlights disparities in the availability of healthcare services for people with ANS disorders across European countries, stressing the need for improved access to specialized care in South, East and Greater Europe
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