Clinical spirocercosis in a dog in the UK

A 2-year-old female neutered crossbreed dog was presented for evaluation of a 3-day history of haematemesis, melaena and hyporexia. The dog had been imported from a rescue centre in Hungary 4 months prior to presentation. Abdominal CT revealed the presence of a 3 cm×3 cm×4 cm diameter heterogenous intraluminal mass lesion in the gastric cardia, surrounding the ostium of the cardia and continuous with the distal oesophagus. The mass lesion was subsequently surgically resected. Histopathology of the gastric mass lesion was consistent with a Spirocerca lupi granuloma. The patient unfortunately developed a pyothorax and suffered cardiopulmonary arrest resulting in death 2 days postoperatively. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of clinical spirocercosis reported in a dog in the UK

Early Host Tissue Response to Different Types of Vascular Prostheses Coated with Silver Acetate or Vaporized Metallic Silver

ObjectivesIn vascular surgery, the infection of prosthetic vascular grafts represents a serious life-threatening complication. Due to the increasing resistance of hospital micro-organisms to standard antibiotic therapies, maximum effort should be put in the primary prevention of such infections. For this purpose, grafts may be coated with different antibacterial silver formulations. In the present study the different effects of silver acetate-coating and vaporized metallic silver-coating on the vascularization and perigraft inflammation during the initial phase after implantation of Intergard Silver (IS) and Silver Graft (SG) were compared.MethodsSilver acetate-coated IS and vaporized metallic silver-coated SG were implanted into the dorsal skinfold chamber of C57BL/6 mice (n = 8 per group) to study angiogenesis and leukocyte inflammation at the implantation site by means of repetitive intravital fluorescence microscopy over a 14-day period. At the end of the in vivo experiments, apoptosis and cell proliferation in the newly developed granulation tissue surrounding the implants was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsIS exhibited an improved vascularization, resulting in a significantly higher functional capillary density when compared to SG. Moreover, the leukocyte inflammatory response to IS was less pronounced, as indicated by a reduced number of adherent leukocytes in perigraft venules. This was associated with a higher proliferative activity of the granulation tissue incorporating the IS when compared to SG. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the perigraft tissue were low and did not differ between the two groups.ConclusionSilver acetate-coated IS exhibits an improved vascularization and reduced perigraft inflammation during the first 14 days after implantation when compared to vaporized metallic silver-coated SG. This may contribute to reducing the risk of early perigraft seroma formation and subsequent infection

Darbepoetin-α increases the blood volume flow in transplanted pancreatic islets in mice

Aims The minimal-invasive transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising approach to treat diabetes mellitus type 1. However, islet transplantation is still hampered by the insufficient process of graft revascularization, leading to a poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, the identification of novel compounds, which accelerate and improve the revascularization of transplanted islets, is of great clinical interest. Previous studies have shown that darbepoetin (DPO)-α, a long lasting analogue of erythropoietin, is capable of promoting angiogenesis. Hence, we investigated in this study whether DPO improves the revascularization of transplanted islets. Methods Islets were isolated from green fluorescent protein-positive FVB/N donor mice and transplanted into dorsal skinfold chambers of FVB/N wild-type animals, which were treated with DPO low dose (2.5 µg/kg), DPO high dose (10 µg/kg) or vehicle (control). The revascularization was assessed by repetitive intravital fluorescence microscopy over an observation period of 14 days. Subsequently, the cellular composition of the grafts was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results The present study shows that neither low- nor high-dose DPO treatment accelerates the revascularization of free pancreatic islet grafts. However, high-dose DPO treatment increased the blood volume flow of the transplanted islet. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that DPO treatment does not affect the revascularization of transplanted islets. However, the glycoprotein increases the blood volume flow of the grafts, which results in an improved microvascular function and may facilitate successful transplantation

Erythropoietin accelerates the revascularization of transplanted pancreatic islets

Background and Purpose Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for Type 1 diabetes. A major prerequisite for the survival of grafted islets is a rapid revascularization after transplantation. Erythropoietin (EPO), the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, has been shown to promote angiogenesis. Therefore, we investigated in this study whether EPO improves the revascularization of transplanted islets. Experimental Approach Islets from FVB/N mice were transplanted into dorsal skinfold chambers of recipient animals, which were daily treated with an intraperitoneal injection of EPO (500 IU·kg−1) or vehicle (control) throughout an observation period of 14 days. In a second set of experiments, animals were only pretreated with EPO over a 6‐day period prior to islet transplantation. The revascularization of the grafts was assessed by repetitive intravital fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. In addition, a streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mouse model was used to study the effect of EPO‐pretreatment on the endocrine function of the grafts. Key Results EPO treatment slightly accelerated the revascularization of the islet grafts. This effect was markedly more pronounced in EPO‐pretreated animals, resulting in significantly higher numbers of engrafted islets and an improved perfusion of endocrine tissue without affecting systemic haematocrit levels when compared with controls. Moreover, EPO‐pretreatment significantly accelerated the recovery of normoglycaemia in diabetic mice after islet transplantation. Conclusion and Implications These findings demonstrate that, particularly, short‐term EPO‐pretreatment represents a promising therapeutic approach to improve the outcome of islet transplantation, without an increased risk of thromboembolic events

The signalling channel of Central Bank interventions:modelling the Yen/US dollar exchange rate

This paper presents a theoretical framework analysing the signalling channel of exchange rate interventions as an informational trigger. We develop an implicit target zone framework with learning in order to model the signalling channel. The theoretical premise of the model is that interventions convey signals that communicate information about the exchange rate objectives of the central bank. The model is used to analyse the impact of Japanese FX interventions during the period 1999--2011 on the yen/US dollar dynamics

Characterisation and outcome of idiopathic pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis in 64 English springer spaniel dogs

Objectives To describe the history, clinicopathological abnormalities, diagnostic imaging findings, lymph node cytological/histological appearance, treatment and outcome of English springer spaniels diagnosed with idiopathic pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis. Materials and Methods In this retrospective UK‐based multicentre study, 64 dogs were recruited from 10 referral centres, 32 first‐opinion practices and three histopathology/cytology laboratories, between 2010 and 2016. Results The median age at presentation was 6 years (range: 0.17 to 11.75). Neutered females were frequently affected. Pyrexia (83.8%), peripheral lymphadenomegaly (78.4%), dermatological lesions (72.9%), lethargy (67.6%), hyporexia (54%), diarrhoea (29.7%), coughing (24.3%), epistaxis, sneezing or nasal discharge (21.6%), ocular signs (21.6%) and vomiting (16.2%) were reported in dogs for which the history and physical examination records were available. Popliteal (45.3%), superficial cervical (35.9%) and submandibular (37.5%) lymphadenomegaly were frequently reported. Haematology and serum biochemistry revealed non‐specific changes. When undertaken, testing for infectious diseases was negative in all cases. Lymph node cytology, histopathology or both demonstrated mixed inflammatory (27%), pyogranulomatous (24%), neutrophilic (20%) or granulomatous (11%) lymphadenitis. Treatment details were available for 38 dogs, with 34 receiving prednisolone for a median duration of 15 weeks (range: 1 to 28 weeks). A good to excellent clinical response was reported in all but one case. Ten dogs relapsed after discontinuing prednisolone. Clinical Significance Idiopathic pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy and pyrexia in English springer spaniels. The characteristics of the disease, absence of identifiable infectious aetiology and response to glucocorticoid therapy suggest an immune‐mediated aetiology

Pre-Operative Risk Factors Predict Post-Operative Respiratory Failure after Liver Transplantation

OBJECTIVE: Post-operative pulmonary complications significantly affect patient survival rates, but there is still no conclusive evidence regarding the effect of post-operative respiratory failure after liver transplantation on patient prognosis. This study aimed to predict the risk factors for post-operative respiratory failure (PRF) after liver transplantation and the impact on short-term survival rates. DESIGN: The retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in a twelve-bed adult surgical intensive care unit in northern Taiwan. The medical records of 147 liver transplant patients were reviewed from September 2002 to July 2007. Sixty-two experienced post-operative respiratory failure while the remaining 85 patients did not. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Gender, age, etiology, disease history, pre-operative ventilator use, molecular adsorbent re-circulating system (MARS) use, source of organ transplantation, model for end-stage liver disease score (MELD) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh score calculated immediately before surgery were assessed for the two groups. The length of the intensive care unit stay, admission duration, and mortality within 30 days, 3 months, and 1 year were also evaluated. Using a logistic regression model, post-operative respiratory failure correlated with diabetes mellitus prior to liver transplantation, pre-operative impaired renal function, pre-operative ventilator use, pre-operative MARS use and deceased donor source of organ transplantation (p<0.05). Once liver transplant patients developed PRF, their length of ICU stay and admission duration were prolonged, significantly increasing their mortality and morbidity (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The predictive pre-operative risk factors significantly influenced the occurrence of post-operative respiratory failure after liver transplantation

Characterisation of the Immunophenotype of Dogs with Primary Immune-Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia

Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) is reported to be the most common autoimmune disease of dogs, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in affected animals. Haemolysis is caused by the action of autoantibodies, but the immunological changes that result in their production have not been elucidated.To investigate the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other lymphocyte subsets and to measure serum concentrations of cytokines and peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of cytokine genes in dogs with IMHA, healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory diseases.19 dogs with primary IMHA, 22 dogs with inflammatory diseases and 32 healthy control dogs.Residual EDTA-anti-coagulated blood samples were stained with fluorophore-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry to identify Tregs and other lymphocyte subsets. Total RNA was also extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to investigate cytokine gene expression, and concentrations of serum cytokines (interleukins 2, 6 10, CXCL-8 and tumour necrosis factor α) were measured using enhanced chemiluminescent assays. Principal component analysis was used to investigate latent variables that might explain variability in the entire dataset.There was no difference in the frequency or absolute numbers of Tregs among groups, nor in the proportions of other lymphocyte subsets. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were greater in dogs with IMHA compared to healthy controls, but the concentration of IL-10 and the expression of cytokine genes did not differ between groups. Principal component analysis identified four components that explained the majority of the variability in the dataset, which seemed to correspond to different aspects of the immune response.The immunophenotype of dogs with IMHA differed from that of dogs with inflammatory diseases and from healthy control dogs; some of these changes could suggest abnormalities in peripheral tolerance that permit development of autoimmune disease. The frequency of Tregs did not differ between groups, suggesting that deficiency in the number of these cells is not responsible for development of IMHA