Sickness of the soul: Language mediated understandings of depression across cultures

Through the use of word association tasks and semi-structured interviews, the present study gathered information on the current dominant understandings of “depression” in America and “yuutsu” and “utsubyou” in Japan. The results were compared to the findings of a similar study that was conducted in the mid 1970s that aimed to find connections between language and the subjective experience of depression. In comparing the responses from the 1970s and the present, it was found that the dominant understanding of depression has been subject to change. These changes can be attributed to larger shifts in the sociopolitical climate, the proliferation of the pharmaceutical industry, and the medicalization, pharmaceuticalization, and commercialization of everyday distress in both Japan and the United States

A Capital Tax System to Preserve America\u27s Heritage

This Article looks to the British national heritage capital tax system as a model to propose provisions in the United States Internal Revenue Code to aid in preserving the United States cultural and natural heritage. After an overview of the capital tax systems in Britain and the United States, Ms. Fogleman examines features of the British tax system that promote preservation of the national heritage. The British system conditionally exempts the owners of national heritage assets from estate or gift tax liability on the transfer of those assets in exchange for permitting public access to and maintaining the assets; allows owners privately to sell national heritage assets to conservation or preservation bodies and receive a higher net price than that available on the open market; and permits owners to deed national heritage assets to the nation in lieu of estate or gift tax liability previously incurred. Ms. Fogleman applauds the British system. She states that since the British incentives encourage taxpayers to keep the property in private ownership in exchange for providing maintenance and permitting public access to the property, they encourage the preservation of historic houses and other nationally significant property for the public benefit. At the same time, the system decreases the financial burden on the British Government and the taxpaying public, since the government does not have to buy the property outright in order to preserve it. Ms. Fogleman argues that United States tax law should in like manner encourage private owners of nationally significant property such as historic houses, outstanding scenic land, and works of art to retain ownership by conditionally exempting the owner from capital tax liability incurred on the transfer of the property. In exchange, the owner would maintain the property in accordance with specified standards while permitting public access. Ms. Fogleman also argues that United States tax law should include provisions creating a favored market for the purchase of national heritage assets by conservation and preservation bodies, and should include provisions permitting owners of national heritage assets to deed those assets to the nation in lieu of estate or gift tax liability. Property owners, the United States Government, and the public would all benefit from such a system

Host Plant Adaptation in Drosophila mettleri Populations

The process of local adaptation creates diversity among allopatric populations, and may eventually lead to speciation. Plant-feeding insect populations that specialize on different host species provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the causes of ecological specialization and the subsequent consequences for diversity. In this study, we used geographically separated Drosophila mettleri populations that specialize on different host cacti to examine oviposition preference for and larval performance on an array of natural and non-natural hosts (eight total). We found evidence of local adaptation in performance on saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) for populations that are typically associated with this host, and to chemically divergent prickly pear species (Opuntia spp.) in a genetically isolated population on Santa Catalina Island. Moreover, each population exhibited reduced performance on the alternative host. This finding is consistent with trade-offs associated with adaptation to these chemically divergent hosts, although we also discuss alternative explanations for this pattern. For oviposition preference, Santa Catalina Island flies were more likely to oviposit on some prickly pear species, but all populations readily laid eggs on saguaro. Experiments with non-natural hosts suggest that factors such as ecological opportunity may play a more important role than host plant chemistry in explaining the lack of natural associations with some hosts

Three point SUSY Ward identities without Ghosts

We utilise a non-local gauge transform which renders the entire action of SUSY QED invariant and respects the SUSY algebra modulo the gauge-fixing condition, to derive two- and three-point ghost-free SUSY Ward identities in SUSY QED. We use the cluster decomposition principle to find the Green's function Ward identities and then takes linear combinations of the latter to derive identities for the proper functions.Comment: 20 pages, no figures, typos correcte

Fragmentation production of doubly heavy baryons

Baryons with a single heavy quark are being studied experimentally at present. Baryons with two units of heavy flavor will be abundantly produced not only at future colliders, but also at existing facilities. In this paper we study the production via heavy quark fragmentation of baryons containing two heavy quarks at the Tevatron, the LHC, HERA, and the NLC. The production rate is woefully small at HERA and at the NLC, but significant at $pp$ and $p\bar{p}$ machines. We present distributions in various kinematical variables in addition to the integrated cross sections at hadron colliders.Comment: 13 pages, macro package epsfig needed, 6 .eps figure files in a separate uuencoded, compressed and tarred file; complete paper available at http://www.physics.carleton.ca/~mad/papers/paper.p

Infrared enhanced analytic coupling and chiral symmetry breaking in QCD

We study the impact on chiral symmetry breaking of a recently developed model for the QCD analytic invariant charge. This charge contains no adjustable parameters, other than the QCD mass scale $\Lambda$, and embodies asymptotic freedom and infrared enhancement into a single expression. Its incorporation into the standard form of the quark gap equation gives rise to solutions for the dynamically generated mass that display a singular confining behaviour at the origin. Using the Pagels-Stokar method we relate the obtained solutions to the pion decay constant $f_{\pi}$, and estimate the scale parameter $\Lambda$, in the presence of four active quarks, to be about 880 MeV.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures; to appear in J. Phys.

Occupational asphalt is not associated with head and neck cancer

Epidemiologic studies that evaluate the relationship between occupational asphalt exposure and head and neck cancer have had a limited ability to control for known risk factors such as smoking, alcohol and human papillomavirus (HPV)

A combined numerical and experimental study of the 3D tumble structure and piston boundary layer development during the intake stroke of a gasoline engine

Due to its positive effect on flame propagation in the case of a well-defined breakdown, the formation of a large-scale tumble motion is an important goal in engine development. Cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in the tumble position and strength however lead to a fluctuating tumble breakdown in space and time and therefore to combustion variations, indicated by CCV of the peak pressure. This work aims at a detailed investigation of the large-scale tumble motion and its interaction with the piston boundary layer during the intake stroke in a state-of-the-art gasoline engine. To allow the validation of the flow near the piston surface obtained by simulation, a new measurement technique called “Flying PIV” is applied. A detailed comparison between experimental and simulation results is carried out as well as an analysis of the obtained flow field. The large-scale tumble motion is investigated based on numerical data of multiple highly resolved intake strokes obtained using scale-resolving simulations. A method to detect the tumble center position within a 3D flow field, as an extension of previously developed 2D and 3D algorithms, is presented and applied. It is then used to investigate the phase-averaged tumble structure, its characteristics in terms of angular velocity and the CCV between the individual intake strokes. Finally, an analysis is presented of the piston boundary layer and how it is influenced by the tumble motion during the final phase of the intake stroke

Gramene: a bird's eye view of cereal genomes

Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, barley and the other major crop grasses from the family Poaceae (Gramineae) are mankind's most important source of calories and contribute tens of billions of dollars annually to the world economy (FAO 1999, ; USDA 1997, ). Continued improvement of Poaceae crops is necessary in order to continue to feed an ever-growing world population. However, of the major crop grasses, only rice (Oryza sativa), with a compact genome of ∼400 Mbp, has been sequenced and annotated. The Gramene database () takes advantage of the known genetic colinearity (synteny) between rice and the major crop plant genomes to provide maize, sorghum, millet, wheat, oat and barley researchers with the benefits of an annotated genome years before their own species are sequenced. Gramene is a one stop portal for finding curated literature, genetic and genomic datasets related to maps, markers, genes, genomes and quantitative trait loci. The addition of several new tools to Gramene has greatly facilitated the potential for comparative analysis among the grasses and contributes to our understanding of the anatomy, development, environmental responses and the factors influencing agronomic performance of cereal crops. Since the last publication on Gramene database by D. H. Ware, P. Jaiswal, J. Ni, I. V. Yap, X. Pan, K. Y. Clark, L. Teytelman, S. C. Schmidt, W. Zhao, K. Chang et al. [(2002), Plant Physiol., 130, 1606–1613], the database has undergone extensive changes that are described in this publication