Tropospheric Products from High-Level GNSS Processing in Latin America

ARTÍCULO PUBLICADO EN REVISTA EXTERNA. The present geodetic reference frame in Latin America and the Caribbean is given by a network of about 400 continuously operating GNSS stations. These stations are routinely processed by ten Analysis Centres following the guidelines and standards set up by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) and International GNSS Service (IGS). The Analysis Centres estimate daily and weekly station positions and station zenith tropospheric path delays (ZTD) with an hourly sampling rate. This contribution presents some attempts aiming at combining the individual ZTD estimations to generate consistent troposphere solutions over the entire region and to provide reliable time series of troposphere parameters, to be used as a reference. The study covers ZTD and IWV series for a time-span of 5 years (2014–2018). In addition to the combination of the individual solutions, some advances based on the precise point positioning technique using BNC software (BKG NTRIP Client) and Bernese GNSS Software V.5.2 are presented. Results are validated using the IGS ZTD products and radiosonde IWV data. The agreement was evaluated in terms of mean bias and rms of the ZTD differences w.r.t IGS products (mean bias 1.5 mm and mean rms 6.8 mm) and w.r.t ZTD from radiosonde data (mean bias 2 mm and mean rms 7.5 mm). IWV differences w.r.t radiosonde IWV data (mean bias 0.41 kg/m2 and mean rms 3.5 kg/m2).Sitio de la revista: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1345_2020_12

Utility of certain nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions for the assay of pregabalin in capsules

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pregabalin (PG) is an anticonvulsant, analgesic and anxiolytic drug. A survey of the literature reveals that all the reported spectrophotometric methods are either don't offer high sensitivity, need tedious extraction procedures, recommend the measurement of absorbance in the near UV region where interference most probably occurs and/or use non specific reagent that don't offer suitable linearity range.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two new sensitive and simple spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of pregabalin (PG) in capsules. Method (I) is based on the reaction of PG with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate sodium (NQS), yielding an orange colored product that was measured at 473 nm. Method (II) is based on the reaction of the drug with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) producing a yellow product measured at 373 nm. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the reaction product in methods (I) and (II) were carefully studied and optimized. The absorbance-concentration plots were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 2-25 and 0.5-8 μg mL^-1for methods (I) and (II) respectively. The lower detection limits (LOD) were 0.15 and 0.13 μg mL^-1and the lower quantitation limits (LOQ) were 0.46 and 0.4 μg mL^-1for methods (I) and (II) respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The developed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of the drug in its commercial capsules. The mean percentage recoveries of PG in its capsule were 99.11 ± 0.98 and 100.11 ± 1.2 (n = 3). Statistical analysis of the results revealed good agreement with those given by the comparison method. Proposals of the reaction pathways were postulated.</p

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)—a powerful separation technique

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) provides an alternative approach to effectively separate small polar compounds on polar stationary phases. The purpose of this work was to review the options for the characterization of HILIC stationary phases and their applications for separations of polar compounds in complex matrices. The characteristics of the hydrophilic stationary phase may affect and in some cases limit the choices of mobile phase composition, ion strength or buffer pH value available, since mechanisms other than hydrophilic partitioning could potentially occur. Enhancing our understanding of retention behavior in HILIC increases the scope of possible applications of liquid chromatography. One interesting option may also be to use HILIC in orthogonal and/or two-dimensional separations. Bioapplications of HILIC systems are also presented

Enantiomeric separation of tapentadol by capillary electrophoresis-Study of chiral selectivity manipulation by various types of cyclodextrins

The chiral recognition of the centrally acting analgesic agent tapentadol and its isomers with various cyclodextrins (CDs) was studied by capillary electrophoresis, focusing on the migration order of four stereoisomers. In the case of non-charged hydroxypropylated CDs (2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD, 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-CD) the beta derivative was able to discriminate the S,R- and R,S-isomers in acidic background electrolyte, whereas the gamma allowed the separation of S,S- and R,R-tapentadol, respectively. Dual CD system containing both hosts was used to separate all of four isomers. Negatively charged sulfated-α-CD at 1.0% (w/v) concentration in 100. mM sodium borate buffer (pH 9.5) was capable of separating the isomers with favorable enantiomer migration order and the optimized method was able to determine 0.15% of chiral impurities of tapentadol in the presence of the last migrating clinically important R,R-isomer

advanced gnss processing techniques working group 1

Over the last decade, near real-time analysis of GPS data has become a well-established atmospheric observing tool, primarily coordinated by the EIG EUMETNET GPS Water Vapour Programme (E-GVAP) in Europe. In the near future, four operational GNSS will be available for commercial and scientific applications with atmospheric science benefiting from new signals from up to 60 satellites observed at any one place and time, however, many challenges remain regarding their optimal combined utilization. Besides raw data streaming, recent availability of precise real-time orbit and clock corrections enable wide utilization of autonomous Precise Point Positioning (PPP), which is particularly efficient for high-rate, real-time and multi-GNSS analyses

Comparative Analysis of Real-Time Precise Point Positioning Zenith Total Delay Estimates

The use of observations from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in operational meteorology is increasing worldwide due to the continuous evolution of GNSS. The assimilation of near real-time (NRT) GNSS-derived zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates into local, regional and global scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is now in operation at a number of meteorological institutions. The development of NWP models with high update cycles for nowcasting and monitoring of extreme weather events in recent years, requires the estimation of ZTD with minimal latencies, i.e. from 5 to 10 minutes, while maintaining an adequate level of accuracy for these. The availability of real-time (RT) observations and products from the IGS RT service and associated analysis centers make it possible to compute precise point positioning (PPP) solutions in RT, which provide ZTD along with position estimates. This study presents a comparison of the RT ZTD estimates from three different PPP software packages (G-Nut/Tefnut, BNC2.7 and PPP-Wizard) to the state-of-the-art IGS Final Troposphere Product employing PPP in the Bernese GPS Software. Overall, the ZTD time series obtained by the software packages agree fairly well with the estimates following the variations of the other solutions, but showing various biases with the reference. After correction of these the RMS differences are at the order of 0.01 m. The application of PPP ambiguity resolution in one solution or the use of different RT product streams shows little impact on the ZTD estimates

The GNSS for Meteorology (G4M) Procedure and Its Application to Four Significant Weather Events

The authors conceived the GNSS for Meteorology (G4M) procedure to remote-sense the Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) content in atmosphere with the aim to detect severe meteorological phenomena. It can be applied over an orographically complex area, exploiting existing networks of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Permanent Stations (PSs) and spread meteorological sensors, not necessarily co-located. The results of a posteriori analysis of four significant meteorological events are here presented, also in comparison with rain gauge data, to show the effectiveness of the method. The potentiality of G4M to detect and locate in space and time intense rainfall events is highlighted. The upcoming application of G4M in near-real time could provide a valuable support to existing Decision Support System for meteorological alerts