Basılı grafik ürünlerde bilinen görseller üzerinde yeni alamlar kurmak

Çağımız imajların esareti altındadır. Kişisel bilgisayarların, dijital teknolojinin ve esnek üretim koşullarının yardımı ile günümüzde imaj üretimi son noktasına varmıştır. Masaüstü yayıncılığının ve yeni teknolojilerin hızlı gelişimi, görüntü üzerinden iletişim kuran ve bilgi aktaran çağ insanını görsel insan haline getirmiştir. Var olan imge enflasyonu, izleyicinin algı eşiğinin altında kalan görsel üretimine ait kuramları gündeme taşımıştır. Bu çerçevede, tarihsel olan ile bağ kuran, hazır görüntüleri anlam kurgusunda etkin hale getiren, algılama ve anlam kurmada kültürel bellekten kaynaklanan dinamiklerle iletişim kuran bir tavır olarak alıntılama, görüntünün anlamlandırılması ve algılanmasında etkili bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu çalışma, var olan görüntülerin bir bağlam içinde yeniden kullanılmasını öneren alıntı pratiğinin tarihsel gelişimini incelemek, farklı bir karaktere kavuştuğu postmodern alıntının dinamiklerinin altını çizmek amacı ile hazırlanmıştır. 1960’lı yıllarda plastik sanatlar alanında telaffuz edilmeye başlanan postmodernizm grafik tasarım alanında 1980’li yılların başında görünür olmaya başlamış, modernizmin sistem üreten mantığının dışındaki yeni denemelere olanak tanımıştır. Metin ile görüntünün ilişkisi değişime uğramış, tasarımcı ve izleyicinin rollerinde yeni öneriler gündeme gelmiştir. Düşük kaliteli görseller, katmanlar halinde kurgulanan mesaj ve mesajın alıcısına okuma sorumluluğu veren postmodern tavır, grafik tasarımı çok dilli bir hale getirmiştir. Görsel alıntının temeli olan kolaj ve fotomontaj pratiklerinin tarihsel süreç içinde incelenmesi, görüntüler üzerinden var olan anlamın taşınması etkinliğinin etik ve pratik sınırlılıklarının belirlenmesi bu çalışmanın ana eksenini oluşturmuştur. Postmodernizmin getirdiği yeni açılımlar ve grafik tasarım alanına yansıyan parodi, pastiş, metinlerarasılık, eklektisizm ve hipermetin kavramları, Bakhtin’in diyaloji, Umberto Eco’nun “Açık Yapıt”ı ile ilişkilendirilerek tasarım alanı çerçevesinde incelenmiş, tasarım ürünleri üzerinden çözümlemeleri yapılmıştır. İletişim amacı ile yeniden kullanıma sokulan görsellerin anlam kurmada ve kurgulanan mesajı iletmedeki etkilerinin uygulama bölümü göz önünde bulundurularak görsellerin alıntılanması üzerine bir öneri oluşturmak, bu çalışmanın hareket noktasını belirlemiştir. Uygulama projesinin merkezini tarihsel bir ortaklık oluşturmaktadır. 1980’li yıllar postmodernizmin etkilerinin grafik tasarım disiplininde görünür olduğu yıllardır. 1980 yılı Türkiye’de önemli bir kırılma noktasını işaret eder. Askeri darbe tüm toplumsal kodları değiştirmiş, yeniden tanımlamıştır. 1980’in etkisinin popüler hayat üzerinden yorumlanması uygulama projesinin kavramsal merkezini oluşturmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Görsel Alıntı, Grafik Tasarım, Kolaj, Fotomontaj, Postmodernizm SUMMARY Our era is besieged by images. With the aid of personal computers, digital technologies and flexible production conditions, the production of images has reached its peak. The rapid development of desktop publishing and new technologies have rendered the contemporary, communicative, and transmissive man into a visual creature. The inflation of existing images has brought up the theories which belong to the production of images that remain below the threshold of the perception of the observer. In his context, quoting, as a manner of making historical connections, an activation of existing images in a composition of meaning and a communication of the dynamics of the resources within the perception and attribution of cultural memory, can be considered an effective method for comprehending and perceiving the image. This study has been prepared in order to analyse the historical progression of the practice of quoting which proposes the reuse of existing images within a context and to emphasize the dynamics within which postmodern quoting embraced a distinct character. First began to be uttered within the confines of plastic arts in the 1960s, postmodernism appeared in the field of graphic design in 1980s by allowing new experiments outside the system-constructing modernism. Low quality images, messages composed in multiple layers and a postmodern attitude giving the responsibility of reading to the receiver have all rendered graphic design into a multilingual state. The historical analysis of collage and photomontage as the basics of visual quoting and the definition of the ethical and practical limits of transmitting the existing meaning via images are the main concern to this study. The new expansions brought upon by postmodernism and the concepts of parody, pastische, transtexuality, eclecticism and hypertext are related with Bakhtin's dialogy and Umberto Ecos “Open Work” and subsequently analysed within the context of design and design products. Forming a proposition upon the comprehension and the effects of the composed message of communicative recycling of images with a view of the process of production has been the lauching point of this study. A historical collaboration forms the center of he production project. 1980s are the years in which postmodernism showed its effects upon the discipline of graphic design. The year 1980 itself is a crucial breaking point in Turkey during which the military coup d'etat changed and redefined social codes. The interpretation of the effects of 1980 upon popular life form the conceptual centre of the production project. Key Words: Visual Quotation, Graphic Design, Collage, Photomontage, Postmodernis

Relationship between circulating IGF-1 levels and traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal damage and cognitive dysfunction in immature rats

It is well known that traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces the cognitive dysfunction resulting from hippocampal damage. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether the circulating IGF-I levels are associated with cognition and hippocampal damage in 7-day-old rat pups subjected to contusion injury. Hippocampal damage was examined by cresyl violet staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Spatial memory performance was assessed in the Morris water maze. Serum IGF-1 levels decreased in both early and late period of TBI. Decreased levels of serum IGF-1 were correlated with hippocampal neuron loss and spatial memory deficits. Circulating IGF-1 levels may be predictive of cognitive dysfunction resulted from hippocampal damage following traumatic injury in developing brain. Therapy strategies that increase circulating IGF-1 may be highly promising for preventing the unfavorable outcomes of traumatic damage in young children. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Progesterone treatment decreases traumatic brain injury induced anxiety and is correlated with increased serum IGF-1 levels; prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus neuron density; and reduced serum corticosterone levels in immature rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may cause neuropsychiatric problems, such as anxiety disorder, that have negative effects on cognitive functions and behavior. We investigated the effects of progesterone on traumatic brain injury induced anxiety in 7-day-old rat pups subjected to contusion injury. Progesterone treatment decreased TBI induced anxiety and serum corticosterone levels, and increased serum IGF-1 levels. Moreover, progesterone treatment increased amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hippocampal neuron density. We found a negative correlation between serum corticosterone levels and anxiety tests, and a positive correlation between serum IGF-1 levels and anxiety tests. In addition, progesterone treatment decreased serum corticosterone compared to the controls and sham. Our results indicate that single dose progesterone may be effective for treating anxiety caused by TBI

Determination of pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus species on different pine species under natural conditions in Duzce

Akbulut, Suleyman/0000-0002-1497-3562WOS: 000458305800010The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a pathogen of conifer forest trees. This pest is characterized by the sudden death of infected pine trees. In this study, pathogenicity tests of six native Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. anamurius, B. vallesianus, B. andrassyi and B. hellenicus) on three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra and P. sylvestris) using two inoculum doses under natural conditions were conducted. For each treatment, 8 trees of each species were inoculated. For each tree species 8 trees were used as control groups. Inoculated trees were monitored for a year after inoculation. Monthly oleoresin flow measurements were carried out and external symptoms (foliage coloration) observed. Nematode inoculated trees did not die at the end of the study. The amount of oleoresin flow differed significantly among tree species. Inoculated Bursaphelenchus species did not cause any significant difference in the oleoresin flow between inoculated and uninoculated trees. We concluded that Bursaphelenchus species used in this study were not pathogenic to pine trees growing under natural forest stand conditions.Duzce UniversityDuzce University [2015.02.02.338]This study is supported by Duzce University, Research Fund Project Number 2015.02.02.338. The authors greatly acknowledged the assistance and permission of General Directorate of Forestry, Bolu Regional Directorate of Forestry. The authors thank to Abdulmutalip Ozturk and Eyup Ozturk for their help during field studies. The authors also kindly thank Dr. W. T. Stamps (University of Missouri-Columbia, USA) for his review of the manuscript