Impacto del consejo médico para dejar de fumar durante la gestación

ObjetivoEl consumo de tabaco entre las mujeres ha aumentado en España en los últimos años, especialmente entre los grupos en edad reproductiva. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el impacto del consejo médico integrado en la atención prenatal sobre el consumo de tabaco durante el embarazo y en el posparto.DiseñoEstudio de intervención cuasiexperimental.EmplazamientoHospital del Mar de Barcelona.PacientesEl grupo control estaba constituido por 219 pacientes que acudieron para atención al parto al hospital del Mar en 1996, el grupo de intervención, por 169 pacientes atendidas durante el embarazo en el mismo hospital en 1997.IntervencionesLas pacientes del grupo control habían recibido atención habitual. Las gestantes del grupo de intervención recibieron de forma sistemática un consejo estructurado para dejar de fumar, reforzado por un folleto elaborado con esta finalidad.Mediciones y resultadosLos grupos de intervención y control no presentaban diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables sociodemográficas ni en el consumo de tabaco. En ambos grupos se determinó la evolución del hábito tabáquico durante el embarazo a lo largo de las visitas prenatales, y a los 6 meses posparto, a través de una entrevista telefónica. De las gestantes del grupo control, 44 (20,1%) habían dejado de fumar antes de la primera visita prenatal y 11 (5%) lo hicieron durante el embarazo. En el grupo de intervención 26 (17,7%) habían dejado de fumar espontáneamente y 16 (10,9%) dejaron de fumar durante el embarazo. De las que dejaron de fumar completamente durante el embarazo, se mantenían abstinentes a los 6 meses el 36,4% de las mujeres del grupo de control y el 64,3% en el grupo de intervención (p = 0,002).ConclusionesEl consejo para dejar de fumar en la visita prenatal produce un aumento discreto en la proporción de abandonos, y una disminución significativa de las recaídas en el posparto.ObjectiveWomen´s tobacco consumption has increased in Spain in recent years, especially among women of reproductive age. This study aims to evaluate the impact of medical counselling integrated into pre-natal care on tobacco consumption during pregnancy and the period after delivery.DesignQuasi-experimental intervention study.SettingHospital del Mar, Barcelona.Patients219 patients who attended the Hospital del Mar for delivery during 1996 (control group) and 169 patients seen during their pregnancies at the same hospital in 1997 (intervention group).InterventionsThe control group patients had received normal care. The pregnant women in the intervention group received systematic structured counselling on giving up smoking, backed up by a special brochure composed for this purpose.Measurements and resultsThe intervention and control groups showed no statistically significant differences either in their social or demographic variables or in their tobacco consumption. In both groups the evolution of their smoking during pregnancy was determined during their pre-natal visits and six months after delivery through a telephone interview. 44 of the women in the control group (20.1%) gave up smoking before their first pre-natal visit, and 11 (5%) gave up during pregnancy. In the intervention group 26 (17.7%) had given up spontaneously and 16 (10.9%) gave up during pregnancy. Of those who gave up completely during pregnancy, 36.4% of women in the control group and 64.3% in the intervention group remained abstinent at six months (P=.002).ConclusionsCounselling at pre-natal checkups to give up smoking lightly increases the number of women who give up and reduces significantly the number of post-delivery backsliders

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of ODS and non-ODS Fe-14Cr model alloys produced by spark plasma sintering

In this work the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique has been explored as an alternative consolidation route for producing ultra-fine grained Fe–14Cr model alloys containing a dispersion of oxide nanoparti-cles. Elemental powders of Fe and Cr, and nanosized Y₂O₃ powder have been mechanically alloyed in a planetary ball mill and rapidly sintered in a spark plasma furnace. Two alloys, with nominal compositions Fe–14%Cr and Fe–14% Cr–0.3%Y₂O₃ (wt.%), have been fabricated and their microstructure and mechanical properties investigated. The results have been compared with those obtained for other powder metal-lurgy processed alloys of the same composition but consolidated by hot isostatic pressing. The SPS tech-nique under the present conditions has produced Fe–14Cr materials that apparently exhibit different microstructures yielding inferior mechanical properties than the counterpart material consolidated by hot isostatic pressing. Although the presence of a dispersion of Y-rich particles is evident, the oxide dis-persion strengthened (ODS) Fe–14Cr alloy consolidated by SPS exhibits poor tensile properties. The extensive decoration of the powder particle surfaces with Cr-rich precipitates and the residual porosity appear to be responsible for the impaired properties of this ODS alloy consolidated by SPS.This investigation was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Project No. ENE 2008-06403-C06-04), the Comunidad de Madrid through the program ESTRUMAT-CM(Grant No. S0505/MAT/0077), and the European Commission through the European Fusion Development Agreement (Contract No. 09-240), the IP3 FP6 ESTEEM project (Contract No. 026019) and the Fusion Energy Materials Science (FEMaS) FP7 coordination action.Publicad

Microstructure and tensile properties of oxide dispersion strengthened Fe–14Cr– 0.3Y₂O₃ and Fe–14Cr–2W–0.3Ti–0.3Y₂O₃

Proocedings of: 15th International Conference on Fusion Reactor Materials (ICFRM15). Charleston, South Carolina (United States of America), 16-22 october, 2011Two ODS ferritic steels with nominal compositions (wt.%): Fe–14Cr–0.3Y2O3 and Fe–14Cr–2W–0.3Ti–0.3Y2O3 have been produced by mechanical alloying and consolidation by hot isostatic pressing. The microstructure and tensile properties of these materials after being forged and heat treated at 1123 K have been investigated to clarify the interrelation between composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. The second phase precipitates in these alloys have been analyzed by high angle annular dark field imaging in scanning TEM mode and electron diffraction. Fe–14Cr–2W–0.3Ti–0.3Y2O3 exhibits a duplex microstructure consisting of large recrystallized grains, as large as 1.5 μm, and unrecovered regions containing submicron equiaxed grains. In addition, three types of secondary phase particles have been found: large M₂₃C₆ particles containing W and Cr, (Cr + Ti) rich spherical particles with diameters between 50 and 500 nm, and fine (Y + Ti) oxide particles with sizes below 30 nm. In contrast, Fe14CrY shows a uniform structure of equiaxed grains, with sizes in the range 0.5 3 μm, containing a fine disper sion of Y oxide particles (<30 nm) homogeneously distributed inside the grains, as well as large carbide and oxide particles. Tensile tests performed over the temperature range 273 973 K have revealed that the alloy containing W and Ti has lower yield and tensile strengths than Fe–14Cr–0.3Y2O3 at tempera tures up to 773 K, but the opposite appears to occur beyond this temperature.This investigation was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project No. ENE 2008 06403 C06 04 and Juan de la Cierva program), the Comunidad de Madrid through the program ESTRUMAT CM (Grant S0505/MAT/0077), and the European Commission through the European Fusion Development Agreement (Contract No. 09 240), the IP3 FP6 ESTEEM project (Contract No. 026019) and the Fusion Energy Materials Science (FEMaS) FP7 coordination action.Publicad

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of Cu-Y alloys produced by different powder metallurgy routes

Full density Cu-1%Y and Cu-0.8%Y alloys have been produced by different powder metallurgy routes and subsequent hot isostatic pressing. Some of the alloys have been subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) via BC route up to 8 passes. ECAP deformation homogenizes and refines the microstructure up to attaining a sub-micron grain structure. Thermal properties have been characterized by the laser flash method in the temperature range 373–773 K. The ECAP process, irrespective of the production route, enhanced the thermal conductivity to values similar to those for CuCrZr (ITER grade). The linear thermal expansion coefficient was temperature independent for all materials

Comportamiento mecánico en función de la temperatura de aleaciones wolfranio-vanadio

Libro de proceedings de: XI Congreso Nacional de Materiales, Zaragoza, 23 junio 2010En esta investigación se evalúa el comportamiento mecánico del wolframio puro y de dos de sus aleaciones con contenidos de 2% y 4% de vanadio, fabricadas mediante prensado isostático en caliente (HIP). La caracterización mecánica se ha realizado mediante ensayos de flexión en tres puntos en atmósfera oxidante a distintas temperaturas comprendidas entre temperatura ambiente y 1000 ºC. Adicionalmente, se han realizado ensayos en inmersión en nitrógeno líquido para los de -197 ºC. Estos últimos valores pueden servir para una determinación más precisa de la temperatura la transición dúctil-frágil en éstos materiales, y de su posible comportamiento plástico o frágil a temperatura ambiente. Mediante estos ensayos ha sido posible obtener la tenacidad de fractura, la resistencia mecánica, el límite elástico y el módulo de elasticidad en función de la temperatura. Así mismo, se ha determinado la densidad y la dureza Vickers para dos cargas distintas, lo que permitido determinar la influencia de este parámetro en la medida realizada. Adicionalmente, se han examinado mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido las superficies de fractura. De esta forma ha sido posible determinar el modo de rotura y analizar la relación de las propiedades mecánicas macroscópicas con los micromecanismos de fallo involucrados.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por EFDA/CIEMAT WP08-09-MAT-WWALLOY, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MAT2007-29278-E, BIA2004-04835, y MAT2009- 13979-C03-02, y Comunidad de Madrid, SS2009/MAT-1585 y S2009/ENE-1679Publicad

Three-dimensional flexural modelling of the Ebro Basin(NE Iberia)

The Ebro Basin, the southern foreland basin of the Pyrenees, has undergone a complex evolution in which, apart from the Pyrenees, the Iberian Range and the Catalan Coastal Ranges have played an important role, both as sediment sources and as basin confining structures. The deflected basement underlying the Ebro Basin dips north, suggesting a lithospheric-scale control on the structure of this basin. This is compatible with the results of subsidence analyses, which show that the study area is not in a local mode of isostatic compensation. In order better to understand the mechanisms that led to the present configuration of the Ebro Basin, and particularly the relevance of the various kinds of (un)loading (e.g. surrounding fold-and-thrust belts, basin topography, subsurface loads), we carried out a 3-D kinematic modelling study that accounts for the flexural state of the lithosphere, subjected to various loads applied at its lateral boundaries, and the sedimentary fill of the basin. We also included the effect of Neogene extensional tectonics along the eastern basin margin, which is related to the opening of the Valencia Trough. We show the suitability of the 3-D lithospheric-scale flexural modelling approach to the study of NE Iberia. Modelling results point to a relatively strong lithosphere in this area, with values of effective elastic thickness ranging from 10 to 35 km in the Ebro Basin, increasing towards the Pyrenees. We also find that the topographic (tectonic) load itself is insufficient to explain the observed basement deflection. Thus an extra subsurface load beneath the Pyrenees, corresponding to the underthrusted Iberian lithosphere, is required. The effect of lithospheric stretching in the Valencia Trough on the Ebro Basin is appreciable only in its eastern part, where the lithosphere was uplifted. This had considerable repercussions on the sedimentary and erosional regime of the Ebro Basin. We have analysed the link between the stretching-related, tectonically uplifted areas and the erosional patterns observed onshore northeast Iberi

The materials production and processing facility at the Spanish National Centre for fusion technologies (TechnoFusión)

Proceedings of : The 26th Symposium of Fusion Technology (SOFT-26), Porto (Portugal),- 27 september - 1 october 2010.In response to the urgent request from the EU Fusion Program, a new facility (TechnoFusion) for research and development of fusion materials has been planned with support from the Regional Government of Madrid and the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. TechnoFusion, the National Centre for Fusion Technologies, aims screening different technologies relevant for ITER and DEMO environments while promoting the contribution of international companies and research groups into the Fusion Programme. For this purpose, the centre will be provided with a large number of unique facilities for the manufacture, testing (a triple-beam multi-ion irradiation, a plasma-wall interaction device, a remote handling for under ionizing radiation testing) and analysis of critical fusion materials. Particularly, the objectives, semi-industrial scale capabilities and present status of the TechnoFusion Materials Production and Processing (MPP) facility are presented. Previous studies revealed that the MPP facility will be a very promising infrastructure for the development of new materials and prototypes demanded by the fusion technology and therefore some of them will be here briefly summarized.This work has been supported by Madrid Community through the project TECHNOFUSION (S2009/ENE/1679).Publicad

Microstructural characterization of Y₂O₃ ODS-Fe-Cr model alloys

Proceedings of the: Thirteenth International Conference on Fusion Reactor Materials. Nice (France), 10-14/12/2007.Two Fe-12 wt% Cr alloys, one containing 0.4 wt% Y₂O₃ and the other Y₂O₃ free, have been produced by mechanical alloying followed by hot isostatic pressing. These oxide dispersion strengthened and reference alloys were characterized both in the as-HIPed state and after tempering by transmission electron microscopy and atom-probe tomography. The as-HIPed alloys exhibited the characteristic microstructure of lath martensite and contained a high density of dislocations. Small voids with sizes <10 nm were also observed. Both alloys also contained M₃C and M₂₃C₆ carbides (M = Cr, Fe) probably as a result of C ingress during milling. After tempering at 1023 K for 4 h the microstructures had partially recovered. In the recovered regions, martensite laths were replaced by equiaxed grains in which M₂₃C₆ carbides decorated the grain boundaries. In the ODS alloy nanoparticles containing Y were commonly observed within grains, although they were also present at grain boundaries and adjacent to large carbides.This research has been supported by FP6 Euratom Research and Training Programme on Nuclear Energy. The financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid, through the program ESTRUMAT CM,Grant S 0505/MAT/0077.Publicad

Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained Fe─14Cr and ODS Fe─14Cr model alloys

This study is to: The 14th International Conference on Fusion Reactor Materials (ICFRM-14) was held at the Sapporo Convention Center in Sapporo, Japan from 7 to 12 September 2009Reduced activation ferritic Fe─14 wt%Cr and Fe─14 wt%Cr─0.3 wt%Y₂O₃ alloys were produced by mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing followed by forging and heat treating. The alloy containing Y₂O₃ developed a submicron-grained structure with homogeneous dispersion of oxide nanoparticles that enhanced the tensile properties in comparison to the Y₂O₃ free alloy. Strengthening induced by the Y₂O₃ dispersion appears to be effective up to 873 K, at least. A uniform distribution of Cr-rich precipitates, stable upon a heat treatment at 1123 K for 2 h, was also found in both alloys.This investigation was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project No ENE 2008-06403-C06-04 and Juan de la Cierva program), the Comunidad de Madrid through the program ESTRUMAT-CM (grant S0505/MAT/0077), and the European Commission through the European Fusion Development Agreement (contract No. 09-240), the IP3 FP6 ESTEEM project (contract No. 026019) and the Fusion Energy Materials Science (FEMaS) FP7 coordination action.Publicad