Rechenstörungen im Kindesalter

Zusammenfassung: Die Prävalenz umschriebener Rechenstörungen ist etwa ebenso hoch wie die der Lese-Rechtschreib-Störungen. Komorbide psychische Störungen, v.a. Ängste, depressive Symptome und ADHD, sind besonders häufig. Die Entstehungs- und Verlaufsbedingungen sind noch weniger gut erforscht als bei der Legasthenie. Spezifisch Zahlen verarbeitende Hirnfunktionen sind sowohl sprachlich als auch visuell-räumlich determiniert und in verschiedenen Hirnregionen lokalisiert. Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass bei Kindern mit Rechenstörungen die Prozesse des Aufbaus und der Vernetzung entsprechender neuronaler Strukturen durch Einflüsse aus Anlage und Umwelt behindert werden. Daraus resultieren unterschiedliche Subtypen von mathematischen Lernschwierigkeiten. Individuell angepasste, möglichst schulnahe Therapie- und Fördermaßnahmen müssen auf einer frühzeitigen, inhaltsspezifischen und neuropsychologischen Diagnostik basiere

Analisis Komponen Reverse Mean pada Harga Saham melalui Perspektif Ekonomi Makro di Bursa Efek Jakarta

Reverse mean reversion and predictability of stock return is probably the most well researched topic in the empirical research of financial economics. Numerous empirical studies have been unable to reject the hypothesis that return unpredictable and that stock price follows a random walk or martingale process. The essence of the mean-reversion hypothesis is that the stocks price contains a temporary component. Thus, the market value of stock deviates from the fundamental value but will revert to its mean. The objective of this study is to test the mean reversion hypothesis in Indonesian capital market, by investigate the size and significance of mean reversion component of stock prices at the Jakarta Stock Exchange, for the period of January 1990 through December 2003, and to investigate the size of the forecast error variance decomposition for real stock prices which is caused by permanent innovation and temporary innovation for a horizon of 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 and 24 months. By placing appropriate structural restrictions on a vector auto-regressive system estimated for the period of January 1990 through December 2003, it was found that the temporary component in the stock prices at the Jakarta Stock Exchange has significant size. From this, it can be inferred that the pattern of share price movements at the Jakarta Stock Exchange has a temporary component which will gradually disperse or undergo reverse mean. This evidence supports the mean reversion hypothesis that stock price are not pure random walks and predictability of stock return and reject the random walk hypothesis

The multifunctional autophagy pathway in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway typically induced by nutrient starvation to recycle amino acids, but can also function in removing damaged organelles. In addition, this pathway plays a key role in eukaryotic development. To date, not much is known about the role of autophagy in apicomplexan parasites and more specifically in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Comparative genomic analysis has uncovered some, but not all, orthologs of autophagy-related (ATG) genes in the malaria parasite genome. Here, using a genome-wide in silico analysis, we confirmed that ATG genes whose products are required for vesicle expansion and completion are present, while genes involved in induction of autophagy and cargo packaging are mostly absent. We subsequently focused on the molecular and cellular function of P. falciparum ATG8 (PfATG8), an autophagosome membrane marker and key component of the autophagy pathway, throughout the parasite asexual and sexual erythrocytic stages. In this context, we showed that PfATG8 has a distinct and atypical role in parasite development. PfATG8 localized in the apicoplast and in vesicles throughout the cytosol during parasite development. Immunofluorescence assays of PfATG8 in apicoplast-minus parasites suggest that PfATG8 is involved in apicoplast biogenesis. Furthermore, treatment of parasite cultures with bafilomycin A 1 and chloroquine, both lysosomotropic agents that inhibit autophagosome and lysosome fusion, resulted in dramatic morphological changes of the apicoplast, and parasite death. Furthermore, deep proteomic analysis of components associated with PfATG8 indicated that it may possibly be involved in ribophagy and piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus. Collectively, our data revealed the importance and specificity of the autophagy pathway in the malaria parasite and offer potential novel therapeutic strategies

Psychiatric, neuropediatric, and neuropsychological symptoms in a case of hypomelanosis of Ito

This case report presents a thirteen year-old boy who was diagnosed as having Hypomelanosis of Ito. The developmental history includes severe failure to thrive, and moderate atypical autism as well as diverse clinical and neuropsychological symptoms are present. The pattern of neuropsychological functioning, which can be partially related to the neurophysiological findings, is discussed within the context of existing neuropsychological theories about autistic disorder

Determining erosion rates in allchar (Macedonia) to revive the lorandite neutrino experiment

205 Tl in the lorandite (TiAsS2) mine of Allchar (Majdan, FYR Macedonia) is transformed to 205 Pb by cosmic ray reactions with muons and neutrinos. At depths of more than 300 m, muogenic production would be sufficiently low for the 4.3Ma old lorandite deposit to be used as a natural neutrino detector. Unfortunately, the Allchar deposit currently sits at a depth of only 120m below the surface, apparently making the lorandite experiment technically infeasible. We here present 25 erosion rate estimates for the Allchar area using in situ produced cosmogenic 36 Cl in carbonates and 10 Be in alluvial quartz. The new measurements suggest long-Term erosion rates of 100-120mMa-1 in the silicate lithologies that are found at the higher elevations of the Majdanksa River valley, and 200-280mMa -1 in the underlying marbles and dolomites. These values indicate that the lorandite deposit has spent most of its existence at depths of more than 400 m, sufficient for the neutrinogenic 205 Pb component to dominate the muon contribution. Our results suggest that this unique particle physics experiment is theoretically feasible and merits further development

A TV-Gaussian prior for infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems and its numerical implementations

Many scientific and engineering problems require to perform Bayesian inferences in function spaces, in which the unknowns are of infinite dimension. In such problems, choosing an appropriate prior distribution is an important task. In particular we consider problems where the function to infer is subject to sharp jumps which render the commonly used Gaussian measures unsuitable. On the other hand, the so-called total variation (TV) prior can only be defined in a finite dimensional setting, and does not lead to a well-defined posterior measure in function spaces. In this work we present a TV-Gaussian (TG) prior to address such problems, where the TV term is used to detect sharp jumps of the function, and the Gaussian distribution is used as a reference measure so that it results in a well-defined posterior measure in the function space. We also present an efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to draw samples from the posterior distribution of the TG prior. With numerical examples we demonstrate the performance of the TG prior and the efficiency of the proposed MCMC algorithm

Exploring Pedagogical Improvement Strategies Targeting STEM Faculty: Towards Understanding Teaching-Related Conversations and Identities in Community Engagement

There is a national interest in improving the quality of STEM education in institutions of higher education. One goal of multiple initiatives focusing on such improvement is empowering more STEM educators to implement evidence-based instructional practices, that research has shown best help students learn. Related strategies target change in STEM faculty members’ teaching-related beliefs/knowledge via various tactics, such as faculty learning communities, wherein faculty collaboratively learn about teaching and find support for making teaching improvements. Although research has suggested that engaging faculty in such learning communities helps STEM faculty explore instructional improvements, little is known about how STEM faculty engage in teaching-related conversations (core to the success of learning communities), including their rationales for engagement and with whom they engage. Furthermore, little is known about how institution-wide instructional improvement opportunities, particularly those using the strategy of creating faculty communities, affect STEM faculty members’ conversations around teaching-related topics. An additional consideration for instructional improvement efforts is the professional identities of STEM faculty, or generally how STEM faculty see themselves in light of professional norms and values. Researchers have suggested that the professional identities of STEM faculty have the potential to be shaped by (as well as shape) STEM faculty members’ engagement in instructional improvement efforts. That said, too little research has investigated how engagement in different types of instructional improvement opportunities interact with STEM faculty members’ professional identities, including practitioner inquiry groups, one type of faculty learning community wherein faculty collect and analyze data to inform instructional changes. Research is particularly lacking that investigates how fixed-term faculty (i.e., non-tenure track) experience practitioner inquiry in light of their professional identity. This dissertation attends to these research interests by exploring: 1) how STEM faculty engage in teaching-related conversations at an institution of higher education in light of a pedagogical improvement initiative, and 2) how STEM faculty experience practitioner inquiry in light of their professional identities. The results of these studies offer insight about how working at an institution of higher education influences the experiences of STEM faculty engaged in instructional improvements. Together, both studies illuminate the efforts of STEM faculty who, despite numerous barriers, make efforts to engage in instructional improvement opportunities. In particular, these studies draw attention to the importance of creating safe and inclusive spaces for faculty to collaboratively learn about teaching-related topics of their interest and of relevance to their educative realities. Furthermore, the studies point to the important role administrators play, who have greater positional power than most STEM faculty, in helping to foster and sustain improvement endeavors and faculty learning communities. The results and implications from these studies are important, towards informing ways to provide STEM faculty with meaningful opportunities to learn about instructional improvements to better help students engaged in STEM coursework succeed