Tinjauan Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak Dalam Perjanjian Lisensi Perangkat Lunak Blackberry

This study aims to describe: (1) application of the principle of freedom of contract in the BlackBerry software license agreement and (2) the legal protection of the parties involved with the software license agreement BlackBerry, from the aspect of the principle of freedom of contract. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. The approach method in this research is normative juridical approach. Respondents in the study is the Head or Deputy PT Indosat Branch of Surakarta. Conclusion: (1) The application of the principle of freedom of contract BlackBerry Software License Agreement. Elements are met: (a) the freedom to make or not make an agreement and (b) the freedom to choose who will make the appointment. Elements that are not being met, namely (a) the freedom to determine the form of an agreement, (b) freedom to receive or deviate the statutory provision which is optional (specify the content of the agreement), (c) the freedom to define how to make an appointment. (2) Legal protection for the parties involved with the BlackBerry Software License Agreement, Elements is fulfilled only two, then the consumer protection BlackBerry users do not obtain legal protection. The reason, Indonesia as one of the members of the international community can not be separated from international trade which has a container called the World Trade Organization (WTO)

ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF LAND COVER CHANGE TO THE HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOURS OF THE PHILIPPINES' THIRD LARGEST RIVER BASIN

Changes in land cover can have negative impacts on the hydrological and hydraulic processes in river basins and watersheds such as increase in surface runoff and peak flows, and greater incidence, risk and vulnerability of flooding. In this study, the impacts of land-cover changes to the hydrologic and hydraulic behaviours of the Agusan River Basin (ARB), the third largest river basin in the Philippines, was analysed using an integrated approach involving Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and hydrologic and hydraulic models. Different land-cover classes in the ARB for the years 1995 and 2017 were mapped using Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI images. Using a post-classification change detection approach, changes in land-cover were then determined. The impacts of these changes in land-cover to the to the basin discharge were then estimated using a calibrated hydrologic model based on the Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) under different extreme rainfall conditions. The impact of the changes in land-cover to flood depth and extent was also determined using a hydraulic model based on the HEC-RAS (River Analysis System). Land cover classification results revealed that the ARB is 67.7% forest in 1995 but have decreased to 62.8% in 2017. Agricultural areas in the basin were also found to have increased from 12.2% to 15.5% in the same period. Other notable land cover changes detected include the increase in built-up lands and range lands, and decrease in barren lands. HEC HMS and HEC RAS model simulation results showed that there was an increase in discharge, flood depth, and flood extents between 1995 and 2017, implying that that the detected changes in land cover have negative impacts to hydrologic and hydraulic behaviours of the ARB

NEAR-REAL TIME HAZARD MONITORING AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION THROUGH INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING, GIS, NUMERICAL MODELLING, WEB APPLICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA

In mitigating and helping lessen the possible effects and damages of disaster to the communities, the transmission of information or end products derived from remote sensing and other multidisciplinary technologies into the community should be immediate, accessible and comprehensive to aid in better planning and decision-making procedures. In this paper, we share a hazard information dissemination procedure which integrates the use of outputs derived from numerical models, web applications and systems as well as the use of social media and telecommunications to promote the utilization of advanced science and technology outputs that could represent and visualize various flooding scenarios through social media and dynamic communication between stakeholders

A chemosensory GPCR as a potential target to control the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita parasitism in plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-24T18:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 molecules2403798.pdf: 19607038 bytes, checksum: 72043c875bb4164ff917bd5eeeed827d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019bitstream/item/203619/1/molecules-24-03798.pd

A novel method for standardized application of fungal spore coatings for mosquito exposure bioassays

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Interest in the use of fungal entomopathogens against malaria vectors is growing. Fungal spores infect insects via the cuticle and can be applied directly on the insect to evaluate infectivity. For flying insects such as mosquitoes, however, application of fungal suspensions on resting surfaces is more realistic and representative of field settings. For this type of exposure, it is essential to apply specific amounts of fungal spores homogeneously over a surface for testing the effects of fungal dose and exposure time. Contemporary methods such as spraying or brushing spore suspensions onto substrates do not produce the uniformity and consistency that standardized laboratory assays require. Two novel fungus application methods using equipment developed in the paint industry are presented and compared.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Wired, stainless steel K-bars were tested and optimized for coating fungal spore suspensions onto paper substrates. Different solvents and substrates were evaluated. Two types of coating techniques were compared, i.e. manual and automated coating. A standardized bioassay set-up was designed for testing coated spores against malaria mosquitoes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>K-bar coating provided consistent applications of spore layers onto paper substrates. Viscous Ondina oil formulations were not suitable and significantly reduced spore infectivity. Evaporative Shellsol T solvent dried quickly and resulted in high spore infectivity to mosquitoes. Smooth proofing papers were the most effective substrate and showed higher infectivity than cardboard substrates. Manually and mechanically applied spore coatings showed similar and reproducible effects on mosquito survival. The standardized mosquito exposure bioassay was effective and consistent in measuring effects of fungal dose and exposure time.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>K-bar coating is a simple and consistent method for applying fungal spore suspensions onto paper substrates and can produce coating layers with accurate effective spore concentrations. The mosquito bioassay was suitable for evaluating fungal infectivity and virulence, allowing optimizations of spore dose and exposure time. Use of this standardized application method will help achieve reliable results that are exchangeable between different laboratories.</p

Control of sand flies with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) and potential impact on non-target organisms in Morocco

International audienceBackground: The persistence and geographical expansion of leishmaniasis is a major public health problem that requires the development of effective integrated vector management strategies for sand fly control. Moreover, these strategies must be economically and environmentally sustainable approaches that can be modified based on the current knowledge of sand fly vector behavior. The efficacy of using attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) for sand fly control and the potential impacts of ATSB on non-target organisms in Morocco was investigated. Methods: Sand fly field experiments were conducted in an agricultural area along the flood plain of the Ourika River. Six study sites (600 m x 600 m); three with ``sugar rich'' (with cactus hedges bearing countless ripe fruits) environments and three with ``sugar poor'' (green vegetation only suitable for plant tissue feeding) environments were selected to evaluate ATSB, containing the toxin, dinotefuran. ATSB applications were made either with bait stations or sprayed on non-flowering vegetation. Control sites were established in both sugar rich and sugar poor environments. Field studies evaluating feeding on vegetation treated with attractive (non-toxic) sugar baits (ASB) by non-target arthropods were conducted at both sites with red stained ASB applied to non-flowering vegetation, flowering vegetation, or on bait stations. Results: At both the sites, a single application of ATSB either applied to vegetation or bait stations significantly reduced densities of both female and male sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti) for the five-week trial period. Sand fly populations were reduced by 82.8% and 76.9% at sugar poor sites having ATSB applied to vegetation or presented as a bait station, respectively and by 78.7% and 83.2%, respectively at sugar rich sites. The potential impact of ATSB on non-targets, if applied on green non-flowering vegetation and bait stations, was low for all non-target groups as only 1% and 0.7% were stained with non-toxic bait respectively when monitored after 24 hours. Conclusions: The results of this field study demonstrate ATSB effectively controls both female and male sand flies regardless of competing sugar sources. Furthermore, ATSB applied to foliar vegetation and on bait stations has low non-target impact