Hospital acquired diarrhea in a burn center of Tehran

Background and Objectives: Incidence of hospital-acquired diarrhea has increased rapidly and burn patients are at high risk of getting it. Infection with C. difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine the baseline characteristics and clinical presentation of hospital-acquired diarrhea and compare C. difficile and non-C. difficile diarrhea in burn patients treated at a burn center. Materials and Methods: During a 1-year study all patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea at Motahari Burn Hospital, Tehran, Iran enrolled in this study. We compared patients with a stool sample positive for C. difficile toxin or tracing the antigen in patients who were negative for detection of toxin in their stool sample specimens. Results: Diarrhea developed in 37 patients out of 3200 admitted patients with a mean burn size of 34.8 ±20.1. Among them, 8 patients had a positive result for C. difficile. The mean time between antibiotic therapy and occurrence of diarrhea was 9.5 ± 6.2 days. Nine (23.7) patients died in the 7.8± 4.2 days, mostly due to co-morbidities. The mean duration of diarrhea was 3.6 ± 2 days. Twenty two (57.9) patients were treated with oral metronidazol and eleven (28.9) patients were treated with combination of metronidazole and vancomycin, higher rate of combination therapy was seen in Clostridium difficile CDI. Conclusion: Overall, the prevalence of hospital-acquired diarrhea was 120/10,000 and 21 of them caused by infection with C. difficile. Presence of peripheral leukocytosis and colitis were the alarm sign for diagnosis of C. difficile infection. © 2015, Tehran University of Medical Science. All rights reserved

H2 Formation on the Dust Grain Surface in Divertor Plasma

Edge plasma of divertor in tokamak is characterized by different values of plasma parameters (plasmadensity and temperature), plasma composition and overcoming plasma dynamics processes. We survey amodel for theoretical study of the interaction of hydrogen with dust surface and apply our results the H2formation on dust grain surfaces in the divertor. In this model, considering both physisorbed andchemisorbed sites on the grain surface and then adatoms mobility to go from one site to other site bythermal diffusion, describes the formation of H2 on grain surfaces. We find H2 formation rate on the hightemperature dust surfaces in divertor for a range of dust and gas temperatures and densities

Norms of anthropometric, body composition measures and prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban populations of Iran

زمینه و هدف: تدوین هنجارهای ملی برای اندازه‌های پیکری و ترکیب بدنی و نیز تعیین شیوع اضافه وزن و چاقی به دلیل ارتباط آن با بیماری‌های مزمن از ضروریات جوامع امروزی است. این پژوهش با هدف تهیه‌ی این هنجارها در جمعیت‌های شهری ایران طراحی و اجرا شد. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش مقطعی که از نوع توصیفی – تحلیلی بود، 991 نفر مرد و 1188 نفر زن با دامنه سنی 15 تا 64 سال به شیوه در دسترس از شهرهای اردبیل، اصفهان، اهواز، تهران، رشت، کرمان و مشهد فراخوان شدند. شاخص توده‌ی بدن (BMI)، دور کمر (WC)، نسبت دور کمر به لگن (WHR)، نسبت دور کمر به قد (WHtR) و درصد چربی بدن آزمودنی‌ها اندازه‌گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های t مستقل، ضریب همبستگی جزیی تعدیل شده و تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه در نرم افزار SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: با توجه به اندازه‌های BMI، 49 مردان و 53 زنان دارای اضافه وزن یا چاقی بودند که 2/10 مردان و 6/18 زنان چاق بودند. در هر گروه سنی، مردان درصد چربی کمتری نسبت به زنان داشتند (001/0>P). در هر دوی مردان و زنان شیوع اضافه وزن در میان رده‌ی سنی 49-40 سال و شیوع چاقی در رده‌ی سنی بالای 50 سال بیشتر از سنین دیگر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر ضمن ارایه‌ی هنجارهای ملی، شیوع بالای اضافه وزن و چاقی عمومی و شکمی را در هر دو جنسیت در جمعیت‌های شهری ایران نشان داد که بیانگر لزوم ارزیابی‌های مستمر و ارایه‌ی برنامه‌های مداخله‌ای در جهت کنترل و پیشگیری از اختلال‌های مرتبط با چاقی مانند دیابت می‌باش

Effect of sticky mat usage in control of nosocomial infection in motahary burn hospital

Background and Objectives: Infection is the most common cause of death among burnt patients and infection control decrease the rate of mortality. The use of sticky mat can control contamination by preventing the entrance microorganisms into the hospital wards. This study was designed to evaluate the sticky mats effect in reduction of microorganism�s entry by personnel shoes to burn intensive care unit (BICU). Materials and Methods: This is a simple cross sectional study. We tested outer soles of personnel�s shoes with swap and cultured them before and after sticky mat contact in the entrance of BICU. Results were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 22 software. McNemar and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests were used. Results: We analyzed 60 outer soles of the shoes before and after contact with sticky mats. Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Gram positive bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated before contact from 57 (95), 32 (53), 4 (6.7) and 3 (5) cases, respectively. Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Gram positive bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated after contact from 36 (60), 30 (50), 16 (26.6), 2 (3.3) and 3 (5) cases, respectively. No Acinetobacter was isolated after contact with sticky mat. Total isolated colonies before and after contact with sticky mats were 2573 and 830, respectively. There were significant statistically differences between the colony counts of coagulase ngative staphylococci, Gram positive bacilli, and Staphylococci aureus before and after contact with sticky mats (P. < 0.001). Conclusion: Regarding to statistical analysis, the effect of mat in removing the microorganisms was 56. It confirms the effectiveness of sticky mat controlling the infection and reducing the amount of hospital contamination. © 2016, Tehran University of Medical Science. All rights reserved

The Relationship Between Interaction, Self-Regulation of Learning with Satisfaction 0f Education in the Smart Schools

In the recent years there has been a movement in building smart schools in Iran and according to statistics it is increasingly growing in our country. Since technology can’t improve the learning of students by itself therefore in order to create an environment for students to learn better, special prerequisites are needed; the researchers in the present study aim at investigating the relationship between learning self-regulation with education in smart schools in Tehran. The research  using the descriptive-correlation method, by means of a researcher-made questionnaire. The research population (2000 people) and the sample (251 people) of this study, included students of full-smart schools of Tehran. The main question of this study is: what is the effect of the each variable of learner-learner, learner-teacher, learner- content, and self –regulated learning in satisfaction score anticipation of students? Analyzing the research finding of multiple linear regression analysis showed that: two variants of interaction between learner-teacher and self-regulation learning can anticipate the satisfaction variable of education in a positive way. The interaction of learner-teacher variable in showing the educational satisfaction was more than self- regulated learning. Among the interaction subscale, the learner- content subscale with the mean of 2.44 had the highest mean in comparison to the other interaction scale

Molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants in Iran

A molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants was conducted in 13 different districts in Iran. Samples were collected from 64 small wild ruminants belonging to four different species including 25 Mouflon (Ovis orientalis), 22 wild goat (Capra aegagrus), nine Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii) and eight Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) during the national survey for wildlife diseases in Iran. Serum samples were evaluated using serologic antibody tests for Peste de petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Pestiviruses [Border Disease virus (BVD) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV)], Bluetongue virus (BTV), Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3). Sera were also ELISA tested for Pestivirus antigen. Tissue samples including spleen, liver, lung, tonsils, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and white blood cells (WBCs) were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PPRV, Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV), Pestivirus, BTV, Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) and BHV-1. Serologic tests were positive for antibodies against PPRV (17%), Pestiviruses (2%) and BTV (2%). No antibodies were detected for BHV-1 or PI3, and no Pestivirus antigen was detected. PCR results were positive for PPRV (7.8%), FMDV (11%), BTV (3%), OvHV-2 (31%) and BHV-1 (1.5%). None of the samples were positive for Pestiviruses.Farhid Hemmatzadeh, Wayne Boardman, Arezo Alinejad, Azar Hematzade, Majid Kharazian Moghada

Dust-Charge Variation Effects on Dust ion Acoustic Shock Waves in Four Component Quantum Plasma

The behavior of nonlinear quantum dust ion acoustic (QDIA) shock waves in a collisionless, unmagnetized plasma consisting of inertialess quantum electrons and positrons, classical cold ions and stationary negatively charged dust grains with dust charge variation is investigated using quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) equations. The propagation of small amplitude QDIA shock waves is governed by Burgers equation. It is shown that the dust charge variation plays an important role in the formation of such QDIA shock structures. The dependence of the shock waves amplitude and thickness on the chemical potential is investigated. The present theory is applicable to analyze the formation of nonlinear structures at quantum scales in dense astrophysical objects

Blood pressure alterations in burn patients with septic shock under hydrocortisone treatment

Background and Objectives: Hydrocortisone is widely used in septic shock cases resistant to fluid and vasopressor therapy. It may result in increased blood pressure and survival. However the efficacy is no established among patients with severe burn and septic shock. Accordingly it was assessed in this study. Materials and Methods: The patients older than 14 years of age with resistant septic shock were enrolled during one-year period. The hydrocortisone was prescribed 100 mg three times per day and the alterations in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded. Results: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled including 19 men and 10 women. The mean age was 37 ± 19 years and the mean burn surface area was 60 ± 20. Fourteen patients had positive blood culture. The most common isolated microorganism were Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in 34.6(10 cases), and then Acinetobacter in 13.8(4 cases). The infection was from wound in 79 and the remaining 21 had pneumonia. Twenty-one patients had good response to hydrocortisone and the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures was significant; but the mortality rate was similar. Conclusion: Treatment with hydrocortisone would result in increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in burn patients with resistant septic shock. © 2015, Tehran University of Medical Science. All rights reserved