Development of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIC resistance by Spodoptera exigua (Huebner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Selection of resistance in Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) to an HD-1 spore-crystal mixture, CryIC (HD-133) inclusion bodies, and trypsinized toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis' subsp, aizawai and B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus was attempted by using laboratory bioassays. No resistance to the HD-1 spore-crystal mixture could be achieved after 20 generations of selection. Significant levels of resistance (11-fold) to CryIC inclusion bodies expressed in Escherichia coli were observed after seven generations, Subsequent selection of the CryIC-resistant population with trypsinized CryIC toxin resulted, after 21 generations of CryIC selection, in a population of S. exigua that exhibited only 8% mortality at the highest toxin concentration tested (320 mu g/g), whereas the 50% lethal concentration was 4.30 mu g/g for the susceptible colony. Insects resistant to CryIC toxin from HD-133 also were resistant to trypsinized CryIA(b), CryIC from B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus, CryIE-CryIC fusion protein (G27), CryIH, and CryIIA. In vitro binding experiments with brush border membrane vesicles showed a twofold decrease in maximum CryIC binding, a fivefold difference in K-d, and no difference in the concentration of binding sites for the CryIC-resistant insects compared with those for the susceptible insects, Resistance to CryIC was significantly reduced by the addition of HD-1 spores, Resistance to the CryIC toxin was still observed 12 generations after CryIC selection was removed. These results suggest that, in S. exigua, resistance to a single protein is more likely to occur than resistance to spore crystal mixtures and that once resistance occurs, insects will be resistant to many other Cry proteins, These results have important implications for devising S. exigua resistance management strategies in the field

Analysis of Biosecurity Control Measure Policy Implementation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Jakarta

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) was first detected inJakartain 2003 in which since that time, the virus has become pandemic in the area and has resulted in poultry and human deaths. Based on these facts, the provincial government ofJakartahas launched two policies on biosecurity control measure, namely Governor Legislation No. 15/2007 and Provincial Government Legislation No. 4/2007 in order to control raising poultry and its distribution in this area. It was implemented through field inspection towards free-range poultry, depopulation, stamping out, and poultry certification as well as planned poultry collection point and slaughter facility relocations. Nevertheless, certain reactions occurred which particularly derived from poultry business actors. Incomprehensive campaign and lack of community socioeconomic consideration were among the issues perceived as detrimental about the adopted policy. It therefore seems necessary to carry out participatory approach towards rearrangement concept to arrive at a comprehensive and holistic biosecurity control measure policy feedback

Synthesis of Gd-dtpa-folat for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent and Characterization by Using 153gd-dtpa-folate Radioactive

Contrast agent was used to clarify the image of the organ that is difficult to distinguish by MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) techniques, particularly in soft tissues of the central nervous system, liver, digestive system, lymphatic system, breast, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. One of the commonly used contrast agents in hospitals is Gadolinium-DieThylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (Gd-DTPA). Gd-DTPA is non specific contrast agent, therefore it has led to develop a contrast agent that is able to achieve the target without defect to the surrounding normal cells. Folic acid as a safe vitamin, inexpensive, specific and also can be used as drug delivery. This study was conducted in the development of targeted MRI contrast agent based of folic acid as a carrier by using Gd metal and DTPA ligand. Since Gd-DTPA-folate is non-active compounds, the characterization of Gd-DTPA-folate was performed using 153Gd-DTPA-folate, which was obtained by reacting DTPA-folate with radionuclides 153Gd. The results of optimization reactions of 153Gd-DTPA-folate was obtained at the mole ratio of DTPA-folate to Gd metal 20:1 and produced the radiochemical purity more than 90%. Identification of the non active product Gd-DTPA-folate was performed using an Fourier Transform- Infra Red (FT-IR) Spectrophotometer and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) compared with folic acid and EDA-folate. The results indicated that the product is Gd-DTPA-folate

Model Kaji Tindak Program Pembangunan Partisipatif Pengentasan Kemiskinan Dan Rawan Pangan

The objective of the article was to explain essential and urgency of the model of participative development program as an effort to maximize real potencies: economy, social, poli- tic and local culture, so that they can meet living need themselves independently and sustainability. The subjects of the study are all local poor people in Bringin rural area. Result of the research indicated that people awareness can maximize their potency that determined by the creativity and not due to the facility as government gave. The research explained that the incapable people problem was not merely due to absence of capital. However, it was due to awareness and working ethos that awakening in order to resolve the poverty problem. Therefore, in the evaluative action at least it was required four pillars, namely: job opportunity, social protection, capability improvement and people-empowering pillars. Then, evaluative action implementation of widening empowerment program based on local resource and creative economy was an essential, urgent strategy model to develop as effort of resolving poverty

V-class dan Fleksibel Learning: Aplikasi Metode Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi Informasi pada Universitas Gunadarma dan Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi aplikasi metode pembelajaran berbasis teknologi informasi yang diterapkan pada dua Universitas, yaitu Universitas Gunadarma (UG) dan Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan menggunakan kuesioner dengan jumlah sampel 103 mahasiswa UG dan 152 mahasiswa UKSW. Hasil yang didapat disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi sederhana dan Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan pendapat antara mahasiswa UG dan UKSW mengenai penerapan aplikasi metode pembelajaran berbasis teknologi informasi

Kebijakan Harga Output Dan Input Untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Jagung

Permintaan jagung terus meningkat untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan, yaitu bahan baku industri pakan ternak, industri makanan dan konsumsi langsung. Seiring meningkatnya kebutuhan dan pentingnya peranan jagung, maka dukungan kebijakan terkait output dan input memiliki urgensi penting dalam rangka peningkatan produksi jagung nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Perubahan harga output dan input terhadap penawaran output dan permintaan input jagung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) selama kurun waktu 1985-2009, harga jagung di Jawa Timur dan Jawa Barat cenderung meningkat, dan seiring dengan hal itu harga input USAhatani jagung : benih, pupuk dan tenaga kerja juga meningkat, (2) penawaran jagung di Provinsi Jawa Timur dan Jawa Barat elastis terhadap Perubahan harga sendiri, sedangkan terhadap Perubahan harga benih, harga urea, harga TSP dan upah tenaga kerja adalah inelastis, (3) peningkatan harga pupuk tidak berpengaruh terhadap penawaran jagung, sedangkan peningkatan harga benih berpengaruh negatif terhadap penawaran jagung, dan (4) jika terjadi kombinasi kebijakan peningkatan harga jagung, harga pupuk dan harga benih maka penawaran jagung meningkat di kedua provinsi. Implikasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa upaya untuk meningkatkan penawaran jagung dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan harga jagung

Researching the use of force: The background to the international project

This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in eight countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology

Cost-effectiveness of a multicomponent primary care program targeting frail elderly people

Contains fulltext : 191679.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Distribution and Clearance Profile of Aunp-pamam G4-nimotuzumab Simulated by Using 198aunp-pamam G4-nimotuzumab

Research on gold nanoparticles as CT-Scan contrast agents has been started 3 years ago in Indonesia. Research on interaction between monoclonal antibodies, particularly nimotuzumab and the receptor EGFR / HER1 was initiated five years ago and has been used for the preparation of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) targeted contrast agent through labeling conjugate of dendrimer-nimotuzumab with gadolinium radionuclides. Synthesis of contrast agent AuNPs-PAMAM G4-nimotuzumab for diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer have been successfully carried out in PTRR and characterization results using several methods such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) Page Electrophoresis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the compound formed is identified as AuNPs-PAMAM G4- nimotuzumab. In this study preclinical trials of the compound AuNPs-PAMAMG4-Nimotuzumab which consist of biodistribution, clearance and autoradiography with simulation using radioactive compounds 198AuNP-PAMAM G4-nimotuzumab has been conducted. The biodistribution test results on 198AuNP-PAMAM G4-nimotuzumab showed  accumulation in some organs such as  kidneys, liver and spleen, whereas results of klirens test showed that the biological half-life of the compound was 11.77 days. Urine analysis using PD-10 column (Sephadex G25) showed that ~ 70% of the compound excreted was still in the form of AuNP-PAMAM G4-nimotuzumab. Imaging results by means of autoradiography showed that up to 48 hours after injection, radioactivity was still observed in the liver