Hydrogen Bonding in Platinum Indolylphosphine Polyfluorido and Fluorido Complexes

The reaction of the Pt complexes cis-[Pt(CH3)(Ar){Ph2P(Ind)}2] (Ind=2-(3-methyl)indolyl, Ar=4-tBuC6H4 (1 a), 4-CH3C6H4 (1 b), Ph (1 c), 4-FC6H4 (1 d), 4-ClC6H4 (1 e), 4-CF3C6H4 (1 f)) with HF afforded the polyfluorido complexes trans-[Pt(F(HF)2)(Ar){Ph2P(Ind)}2] 2 a–f, which can be converted into the fluoride derivatives trans-[Pt(F)(Ar){Ph2P(Ind)}2] (3 a–f) by treatment with CsF. The compounds 2 a–f and 3 a–f were characterised thoroughly by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The data reveal hydrogen bonding of the fluorido ligand with HF molecules and the indolylphosphine ligand. Polyfluorido complexes 2 a–f show larger |1J(F,Pt)|, but lower 1J(H,F) coupling constants when compared to the fluorido complexes 3 a–f. Decreasing 1J(P,Pt) coupling constants in 2 a–f and 3 a–f suggest a cis influence of the aryl ligands in the following order: 4-tBuC6H4 (a) ≈4-CH3C6H4 (b)<Ph (c)≪4-FC6H4 (d)<4-ClC6H4 (e)<4-CF3C6H4 (f). In addition, the larger cis influence of aryl ligands bearing electron-withdrawing groups in the para position correlates with decreasing magnitudes of |1J(F,Pt)| coupling constants. The interpretation of the experimental data was supported by quantum-chemical DFT calculations.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Peer Reviewe

Genetically transformed roots: From plant disease to biotechnological resource

Hairy root syndrome is a disease that is induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection and characterized by a proliferation of excessively branching roots. However, in the past 30 years A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation has also provided a valuable platform for studying biosynthesis pathways in plants. Furthermore, the genetically transformed root cultures are becoming increasingly attractive, cost-effective options for mass-producing desired plant metabolites and expressing foreign proteins. Numerous proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated the feasibility of scaling up hairy-root-based processes while maintaining their biosynthetic potential. Recently, hairy roots have also shown immense potential for applications in phytoremediation, that is, plant-based decontamination of polluted environments. This review highlights recent progress and limitations in the field, and outlines future perspectives for the industrial exploitation of hairy roots.Fil: Georgiev, Milen I.. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Bulgaria. Leiden University; Países BajosFil: Agostini, Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Ludwig Müller, Jutta. Technische Universitat Dresden; AlemaniaFil: Xu, Jianfeng. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Estados Unido

Stockmarket Listing and Cleantech Business Development; Evidence from AiM

Investors have been showing interest in prospects for new environmental technologies launched by innovative enterprises. We analyse the experience of young environmental technology firms going public on London’s alternative stock market, AiM. While firms that launched in the boom attracted needed funds, shareholder expectations and the controls used to promote shareholder value were not well aligned with the realities of business development of these emerging technology firms. These face challenging market and technology risks and require funding for business development that is more flexible and longer term than that provided by AiM investors. We suggest that a wider portfolio of investment alternatives is neede

Comprehensive systematic review summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy of treatments for tics and the risks associated with their use. Methods This project followed the methodologies outlined in the 2011 edition of the American Academy of Neurology\u27s guideline development process manual. We included systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials on the treatment of tics that included at least 20 participants (10 participants if a crossover trial), except for neurostimulation trials, for which no minimum sample size was required. To obtain additional information on drug safety, we included cohort studies or case series that specifically evaluated adverse drug effects in individuals with tics. Results There was high confidence that the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics was more likely than psychoeducation and supportive therapy to reduce tics. There was moderate confidence that haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole, tiapride, clonidine, onabotulinumtoxinA injections, 5-ling granule, Ningdong granule, and deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus were probably more likely than placebo to reduce tics. There was low confidence that pimozide, ziprasidone, metoclopramide, guanfacine, topiramate, and tetrahydrocannabinol were possibly more likely than placebo to reduce tics. Evidence of harm associated with various treatments was also demonstrated, including weight gain, drug-induced movement disorders, elevated prolactin levels, sedation, and effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and ECGs. Conclusions There is evidence to support the efficacy of various medical, behavioral, and neurostimulation interventions for the treatment of tics. Both the efficacy and harms associated with interventions must be considered in making treatment recommendations

Phylogenetics and biogeography of a spectacular Old World radiation of butterflies: the subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrini)

Background: Butterflies of the subtribe Mycalesina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) are important model organisms in ecology and evolution. This group has radiated spectacularly in the Old World tropics and presents an exciting opportunity to better understand processes of invertebrate rapid radiations. However, the generic-level taxonomy of the subtribe has been in a constant state of flux, and relationships among genera are unknown. There are six currently recognized genera in the group. Mycalesis, Lohora and Nirvanopsis are found in the Oriental region, the first of which is the most speciose genus among mycalesines, and extends into the Australasian region. Hallelesis and Bicyclus are found in mainland Africa, while Heteropsis is primarily Madagascan, with a few species in Africa. We infer the phylogeny of the group with data from three genes (total of 3139 bp) and use these data to reconstruct events in the biogeographic history of the group. Results: The results indicate that the group Mycalesina radiated rapidly around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Basal relationships are unresolved, but we recover six well-supported clades. Some species of Mycalesis are nested within a primarily Madagascan clade of Heteropsis, while Nirvanopsis is nested within Lohora. The phylogeny suggests that the group had its origin either in Asia or Africa, and diversified through dispersals between the two regions, during the late Oligocene and early Miocene. The current dataset tentatively suggests that the Madagascan fauna comprises two independent radiations. The Australasian radiation shares a common ancestor derived from Asia. We discuss factors that are likely to have played a key role in the diversification of the group. Conclusions: We propose a significantly revised classification scheme for Mycalesina. We conclude that the group originated and radiated from an ancestor that was found either in Asia or Africa, with dispersals between the two regions and to Australasia. Our phylogeny paves the way for further comparative studies on this group that will help us understand the processes underlying diversification in rapid radiations of invertebrates.13 page(s

Insights into the evolutionary origins of clostridial neurotoxins from analysis of the Clostridium botulinum strain A neurotoxin gene cluster

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) are the most deadly toxins known and causal agents of botulism and tetanus neuroparalytic diseases. Despite considerable progress in understanding CNT structure and function, the evolutionary origins of CNTs remain a mystery as they are unique to <it>Clostridium </it>and possess a sequence and structural architecture distinct from other protein families. Uncovering the origins of CNTs would be a significant contribution to our understanding of how pathogens evolve and generate novel toxin families.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>C. botulinum </it>strain A genome was examined for potential homologues of CNTs. A key link was identified between the neurotoxin and the flagellin gene (CBO0798) located immediately upstream of the BoNT/A neurotoxin gene cluster. This flagellin sequence displayed the strongest sequence similarity to the neurotoxin and NTNH homologue out of all proteins encoded within <it>C. botulinum </it>strain A. The CBO0798 gene contains a unique hypervariable region, which in closely related flagellins encodes a collagenase-like domain. Remarkably, these collagenase-containing flagellins were found to possess the characteristic HEXXH zinc-protease motif responsible for the neurotoxin's endopeptidase activity. Additional links to collagenase-related sequences and functions were detected by further analysis of CNTs and surrounding genes, including sequence similarities to collagen-adhesion domains and collagenases. Furthermore, the neurotoxin's HCRn domain was found to exhibit both structural and sequence similarity to eukaryotic collagen jelly-roll domains.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the neurotoxin and adjacent genes evolved from an ancestral collagenase-like gene cluster, linking CNTs to another major family of clostridial proteolytic toxins. Duplication, reshuffling and assembly of neighboring genes within the BoNT/A neurotoxin gene cluster may have lead to the neurotoxin's unique architecture. This work provides new insights into the evolution of <it>C. botulinum </it>neurotoxins and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the origins of virulent genes.</p

Analisis Unit Cost Pelayanan Rawat Inap Postpartum Di Rumah Sakit Umum Dewi Sartika Dengan Menggunakan Metode Activity Based Costing (ABC) System

Iklim kompetitif tidak hanya terjadi pada Perusahaan yang berorientasi profit, namun juga berdampak padaperusahaan yang berorientasi nonprofit, salah satunya adalah rumah sakit. Rumah sakit yang berada di SulawesiTenggara pada tahun 2014 berjumlah 36, sedangkan kota Kendari memiliki 13 rumah sakit dan harus melayani347.496 penduduk. Hal ini menjadikan persaingan bisnis rumah sakit baik umum maupun swasta kini semakinketat. Salah satu solusi untuk memenangkan persaingan adalah dengan cara menentukan tarif yang lebih rendahdan kualitas atau jasa yang lebih tinggi dari pada pesaing. Solusi tersebut tentunya menjadikan biaya operasionalrumah sakit akan semakin besar sehingga sistem akuntansi manajemen di rumah sakit harus efektif dan efisiensehingga menghasilkan informasi yang akurat dalam pengambilan keputusan. Rumah sakit cenderung masihmenggunakan system akuntansi tradisional yang memiliki distorsi biaya. Penelitian ini menganalisis perhitungantarif rawat inap pelayanan postpartum di RSU Dewi Sartika menggunakan metode activity based costing system.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, data yang digunakanadalah seluruh data keuangan pada Oktober 2015-September 2016 dan aktivitas yang diobservasi yaitu ruangperawatan kelas VIP, kelas I, kelas II, kelas III dan bangsal. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda daritarif yang diterapkan. Tarif kelas VIP, kelas I dan kelas III lebih rendah dari tarif rumah sakit sedangkan tarif kelas IIdan bangsal lebih tinggi

Renewed global partnerships and redesigned roadmaps for rabies prevention and control

Canine rabies, responsible for most human rabies deaths, is a serious global public health concern. This zoonosis is entirely preventable, but by focusing solely upon rabies prevention in humans, this "incurable wound" persists at high costs. Although preventing human deaths through canine rabies elimination is feasible, dog rabies control is often neglected, because dogs are not considered typical economic commodities by the animal health sector. Here, we demonstrate that the responsibility of managing rabies falls upon multiple sectors, that a truly integrated approach is the key to rabies elimination, and that considerable progress has been made to this effect. Achievements include the construction of global rabies networks and organizational partnerships; development of road maps, operational toolkits, and a blueprint for rabies prevention and control; and opportunities for scaling up and replication of successful programs. Progress must continue towards overcoming the remaining challenges preventing the ultimate goal of rabies elimination