60 research outputs found
"Being Simple on Complex Issues" -- Accounts on Visual Data Communication about Climate Change
Data visualizations play a critical role in both communicating scientific
evidence about climate change and in stimulating engagement and action. To
investigate how visualizations can be better utilized to communicate the
complexities of climate change to different audiences, we conducted interviews
with 17 experts in the fields of climate change, data visualization, and
science communication, as well as with 12 laypersons. Besides questions about
climate change communication and various aspects of data visualizations, we
also asked participants to share what they think is the main takeaway message
for two exemplary climate change data visualizations. Through a thematic
analysis, we observe differences regarding the included contents, the length
and abstraction of messages, and the sensemaking process between and among the
participant groups. On average, experts formulated shorter and more abstract
messages, often referring to higher-level conclusions rather than specific
details. We use our findings to reflect on design decisions for creating more
effective visualizations, particularly in news media sources geared toward lay
audiences. We hereby discuss the adaption of contents according to the needs of
the audience, the trade-off between simplification and accuracy, as well as
techniques to make a visualization attractive.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, 5 table
Data journeys in popular science: Producing climate change and COVID-19 data visualizations at Scientific American
Vast amounts of (open) data are increasingly used to make arguments about
crisis topics such as climate change and global pandemics. Data visualizations
are central to bringing these viewpoints to broader publics. However,
visualizations often conceal the many contexts involved in their production,
ranging from decisions made in research labs about collecting and sharing data
to choices made in editorial rooms about which data stories to tell. In this
paper, we examine how data visualizations about climate change and COVID-19 are
produced in popular science magazines, using Scientific American, an
established English-language popular science magazine, as a case study. To do
this, we apply the analytical concept of "data journeys" (Leonelli, 2020) in a
mixed methods study that centers on interviews with Scientific American staff
and is supplemented by a visualization analysis of selected charts. In
particular, we discuss the affordances of working with open data, the role of
collaborative data practices, and how the magazine works to counter
misinformation and increase transparency. This work provides a theoretical
contribution by testing and expanding the concept of data journeys as an
analytical framework, as well as practical contributions by providing insight
into the data (visualization) practices of science communicators.Comment: 44 pages, 4 figures, 3 boxe
Pre-service primary teachers’ shame experiences during their schooling time: characteristics and effects on their subject-choices at university
Emotions play an essential role in pre-service teachers’ competence development, particularly in mathematics. However, the emotion of shame in mathematics has been largely neglected so far. This article deals with shameful experiences of pre-service primary school teachers during their mathematical education at school and the various effects of shame on their decision to study mathematics as a subject at university. The research consists of a qualitative and a quantitative study with 311 prospective primary school teachers who responded to a survey about their experiences of shame in mathematics at school when they were students. Results of the qualitative study emphasize the different experiences in mathematics during the school years and reveal the characteristics of these situations, for example, social exposure or competition games. In the quantitative study, pre-service primary teachers’ subject choice was analyzed in relation to their experienced shame in mathematics at school. Results reveal that shame experienced at school has effects on the initial choice in favor of mathematics at university. Implications for primary teacher education are finally discussed.Peer Reviewe
What is the message? Perspectives on Visual Data Communication
Data visualizations are used to communicate messages to diverse audiences. It
is unclear whether interpretations of these visualizations match the messages
their creators aim to convey. In a mixed-methods study, we investigate how data
in the popular science magazine Scientific American are visually communicated
and understood. We first analyze visualizations about climate change and
pandemics published in the magazine over a fifty-year period. Acting as chart
readers, we then interpret visualizations with and without textual elements,
identifying takeaway messages and creating field notes. Finally, we compare a
sample of our interpreted messages to the intended messages of chart producers,
drawing on interviews conducted with magazine staff. These data allow us to
explore understanding visualizations through three perspectives: that of the
charts, visualization readers, and visualization producers. Building on our
findings from a thematic analysis, we present in-depth insights into data
visualization sensemaking, particularly regarding the role of messages and
textual elements; we propose a message typology, and we consider more broadly
how messages can be conceptualized and understood
Применение одновременно-раздельной эксплуатации скважин с целью повышения темпов отбора нефти
Объектом исследования является Алексеевское нефтяное месторождение.
Цель работы – применение одновременно-раздельной эксплуатации скважин с целью повышения темпов отбора нефти.
Область применения:результаты исследований могут применяться в дальнейшем для рассмотрения вопросов эффективности мероприятий по интенсификации добычи нефти и увеличению нефтеотдачи.
Экономическая эффективность представлена в части "Финансовый менеджмент, ресурсосбережение и ресурсоэффективность".The object of the study is: Alekseevskoe oil field.
The aim of this work is the use of simultaneous-separate operation of wells to increase the rate of oil extraction.
The decision of goals and objectives is based on the analytical and field studies using modern methods of processing the source information and analysis.
Scope: the research results can be applied in the future to review the effectiveness of the measures on intensification of oil production and increase oil recovery.
Economic efficiency is presented in "Financial management, resource saving and resource efficiency"
Paternal unemployment during childhood: causal effects on youth worklessness and educational attainment
Subcutaneous Fat Patterns in Type-2 Diabetic Men and Healthy Controls
The optical device LIPOMETER enables the non-invasive, quick, and save determination of the thickness of subcutaneous
adipose tissue layers at any given site of the human body. The specification of 15 evenly distributed body sites allows
the precise measurement of subcutaneous body fat distribution, so-called subcutaneous adipose tissue topography
(SAT-Top). In the present paper we focus on SAT-Top of male type-2 diabetes patients (N=21), describing very precisely
their special SAT development and their SAT-Top deviation from a healthy control group (N=111), applying factor analysis
and ROC curves. Factor analysis revealed three independent subcutaneous body fat compartments, which can be
summarised as »upper body«, »lower trunk« and »legs«. The upper body SAT-Top is much more pronounced in diabetic
men compared to their healthy controls (p<0.001). Furthermore, high diagnostic power by ROC curve analysis was achieved
by different measurement sites of the upper body and summary measures of upper body obesity (sum2, which is the
sum of neck and biceps, provides: area index = 0.86, sensitivity = 81 %, specificity = 90.1 %, at an optimal cutoff value of
18.8 mm), ascribing a higher diabetes probability to subjects with a more upper body SAT-Top pattern. Calculating new
ROC curves for diabetic patients with HBA1C values >8 (N=17) and their healthy controls (N=111) we received improved
discrimination power for several SAT-Top body sites, especially for sum2, showing an area index of 0.91, a sensitivity
of 94.1 %, and a specificity of 90.1 % at the optimal cutoff value of 18.8 mm. Concluding, the exact and complete description
of the especial type 2 diabetic SAT pattern, which differs strongly from the SAT-Top of healthy controls, suggests the
LIPOMETER technique combined with advanced statistical methods such as factor analysis and ROC curve analysis as
a possible detecting tool for this disease
Chitosan nanoparticles as antigen vehicles to induce effective tumor specific T cell responses
Cancer vaccinations sensitize the immune system to recognize tumor-specific antigens de novo or boosting preexisting immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are regarded as the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) for induction of (cancer) antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) used as delivery vehicle have been shown to improve anti-tumor responses. This study aimed at exploring the potential of CNPs as antigen delivery system by assessing activation and expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by DCs and subsequent T cell-mediated lysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. As model antigen the ovalbumin-derived peptide SIINFEKL was chosen. Using imaging cytometry, intracellular uptake of FITC-labelled CNPs of three different sizes and qualities (90/10, 90/20 and 90/50) was demonstrated in DCs and in pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages to different extents. While larger particles (90/50) impaired survival of all APCs, small CNPs (90/10) were not toxic for DCs. Internalization of SIINFEKL-loaded but not empty 90/10-CNPs promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype of DCs indicated by elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Treatment of murine DC2.4 cells with SIINFEKL-loaded 90/10-CNPs led to a marked MHC-related presentation of SIINFEKL and enabled DC2.4 cells to potently activate SIINFEKL-specific CD8+ OT-1 T cells finally leading to effective lysis of the PDAC cell line Panc-OVA. Overall, our study supports the suitability of CNPs as antigen vehicle to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses by activation and expansion of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells
Identity, Collaboration and Radical Innovation: The Role of Dual Organisation Identification
This paper explores the nature of the relationship between identity and the radical innovation process in the case of the Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster (SSPC). Antecedents and consequences of identification with the SSPC and the transitioning of identify from an organizational orientation to a dual organisation identity are discussed. We demonstrate that organizational identity can represent a substantial barrier to collaborating for radical innovation, and explicate how identity shifts can smooth the transition from competitor to collaborator. This study illustrates that opportunities were created through leveraging affinity to provide an environment conducive to radical innovation where members could interact, explore and collaborate
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