148 research outputs found
Effect of Measurement on the Periodicity of the Coulomb Staircase of a Superconducting Box
We report on the effect of the back-action of a Single Cooper Pair Transistor
electrometer (E) on the measurement of charge on the island of a
superconducting box (B). The charge is e-periodic in the gate bias of B when E
is operated near voltages 2Delta/e or 4Delta/e. We show that this is due to
quasiparticle poisoning of B at a rate proportional to the number of
quasiparticle tunneling events in E per second. We are able to eliminate this
back action and recover 2e charge periodicity using a new measurement method
based on switching current modulation of E.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, revised versio
Esmase skisofreenia farmakoteraapia Eestis: vÔrdlus kohaliku ja rahvusvaheliste ravijuhistega
PsĂŒhhooside farmakoteraapia ja ravijuhised on eri riikides erinevad. Uuringu eesmĂ€rgiks oli analĂŒĂŒsida ja kirjeldada esmaste skisofreeniaepisoodide farmakoteraapiat Eestis. Töös analĂŒĂŒ-
siti septembrist 2005 kuni septembrini 2006 PĂ”hja-Eesti Regionaalhaigla ja TĂ Kliinikumi psĂŒhhiaatriakliinikutesse hospitaliseeritud skisofreenia ja skisotĂŒĂŒpse hĂ€irega patsientide farmakoteraapiat. Vaadeldi manustatud ravimite annuseid, antipsĂŒhhootikumide polĂŒteraapia esinemise sagedust ning atĂŒĂŒpiliste ja konventsionaalsete antipsĂŒhhootikumide mÀÀramise sagedust. Tulemusi vĂ”rreldi kohalike ja rahvusvaheliste ravijuhistega. Esmase skisofreenia farmakoteraapia Eestis on suures osas vastavuses Eesti ja rahvusvaheliste ravijuhistega, kuid sageli kasutati konventsionaalseid antipsĂŒhhootikume ja levinud oli polĂŒteraapia antipsĂŒhhootikumidega. TĂ”enduspĂ”hise farmakoteraapia soodustamiseks oleks otstarbekas ajakohastada Eesti ravijuhiseid.
Eesti Arst 2008; 87(9):601â60
Crossover from Kramers to phase-diffusion switching in hysteretic DC-SQUIDs
We have measured and propose a model for switching rates in hysteretic
DC-SQUID in the regime where phase diffusion processes start to occur. We show
that the switching rates in this regime are smaller than the rates given by
Kramers' formula due to retrapping of Josephson phase. The retrapping process,
which is affected by the frequency dependent impedance of the environment of
the DC-SQUID, leads to a peaked second moment of the switching distribution as
a function of temperature. The temperature where the peaks occur are
proportional to the critical current of the DC- SQUID.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Increased placental expression and maternal serum levels of apoptosis-inducing TRAIL in recurrent miscarriage
AbstractIntroductionRecurrent miscarriage (RM; â„3 consecutive pregnancy losses) occurs in 1â3% of fertile couples. No biomarkers with high predictive value of threatening miscarriage have been identified. We aimed to profile whole-genome differential gene expression in RM placental tissue, and to determine the protein levels of identified loci in maternal sera in early pregnancy.MethodsGeneChips (AffymetrixÂź) were used for discovery and Taqman RT-qPCR assays for replication of mRNA expression in placentas from RM cases (n = 13) compared to uncomplicated pregnancies matched for gestational age (n = 23). Concentrations of soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) and calprotectin in maternal serum in normal first trimester (n = 35) and failed pregnancies (early miscarriage, n = 18, late miscarriage, n = 4; tubal pregnancy, n = 11) were determined using ELISA.ResultsIn RM placentas 30 differentially expressed (with nominal P-value < 0.05) transcripts were identified. Significantly increased placental mRNA expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; P = 1.4 Ă 10â3; fold-change 1.68) and S100A8 (P = 7.9 Ă 10â4; fold-change 2.56) encoding for inflammatory marker calprotectin (S100A8/A9) was confirmed by RT-qPCR. When compared to normal first trimester pregnancy (sTRAIL 16.1 ± 1.6 pg/ml), significantly higher maternal serum concentration of sTRAIL was detected at the RM event (33.6 ± 4.3 pg/ml, P = 0.00027), and in pregnant women, who developed an unpredicted miscarriage 2â50 days after prospective serum sampling (28.5 ± 4.4 pg/ml, P = 0.039). Women with tubal pregnancy also exhibited elevated sTRAIL (30.5 ± 3.9 pg/ml, P = 0.035). Maternal serum levels of calprotectin were neither diagnostic nor prognostic to early pregnancy failures (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe study indicated of sTRAIL as a potential predictive biomarker in maternal serum for early pregnancy complications
Rf-induced transport of Cooper pairs in superconducting single electron transistors in a dissipative environment
We investigate low-temperature and low-voltage-bias charge transport in a
superconducting Al single electron transistor in a dissipating environment,
realized as on-chip high-ohmic Cr microstrips. In our samples with relatively
large charging energy values Ec > EJ, where EJ is the energy of the Josephson
coupling, two transport mechanisms were found to be dominating, both based on
discrete tunneling of individual Cooper pairs: Depending on the gate voltage
Vg, either sequential tunneling of pairs via the transistor island (in the open
state of the transistor around the points Qg = CgVg = e mod(2e), where Cg is
the gate capacitance) or their cotunneling through the transistor (for Qg away
of these points) was found to prevail in the net current. As the open states of
our transistors had been found to be unstable with respect to quasiparticle
poisoning, high-frequency gate cycling (at f ~ 1 MHz) was applied to study the
sequential tunneling mechanism. A simple model based on the master equation was
found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
Capacitively Enhanced Thermal Escape in Underdamped Josephson Junctions
We have studied experimentally the escape dynamics in underdamped
capacitively shunted and unshunted Josephson junctions with submicroampere
critical currents below 0.5 K temperatures. In the shunted junctions, thermal
activation process was preserved up to the highest temperature where the escape
in the unshunted junctions exhibits the phase diffusion. Our observations in
the shunted junctions are in good agreement with the standard thermal
activation escape, unlike the results in the unshunted junctions.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Protein Pattern Formation
Protein pattern formation is essential for the spatial organization of many
intracellular processes like cell division, flagellum positioning, and
chemotaxis. A prominent example of intracellular patterns are the oscillatory
pole-to-pole oscillations of Min proteins in \textit{E. coli} whose biological
function is to ensure precise cell division. Cell polarization, a prerequisite
for processes such as stem cell differentiation and cell polarity in yeast, is
also mediated by a diffusion-reaction process. More generally, these functional
modules of cells serve as model systems for self-organization, one of the core
principles of life. Under which conditions spatio-temporal patterns emerge, and
how these patterns are regulated by biochemical and geometrical factors are
major aspects of current research. Here we review recent theoretical and
experimental advances in the field of intracellular pattern formation, focusing
on general design principles and fundamental physical mechanisms.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, review articl
16p11.2 Locus modulates response to satiety before the onset of obesity
Background:
The 600âkb BP4-BP5 copy number variants (CNVs) at the 16p11.2 locus have been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental conditions including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The number of genomic copies in this region is inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI): the deletion is associated with a highly penetrant form of obesity (present in 50% of carriers by the age of 7 years and in 70% of adults), and the duplication with being underweight. Mechanisms underlying this energy imbalance remain unknown.
Objective:
This study aims to investigate eating behavior, cognitive traits and their relationships with BMI in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs.
Methods:
We assessed individuals carrying a 16p11.2 deletion or duplication and their intrafamilial controls using food-related behavior questionnaires and cognitive measures. We also compared these carriers with cohorts of individuals presenting with obesity, binge eating disorder or bulimia.
Results:
Response to satiety is gene dosage-dependent in pediatric CNV carriers. Altered satiety response is present in young deletion carriers before the onset of obesity. It remains altered in adolescent carriers and correlates with obesity. Adult deletion carriers exhibit eating behavior similar to that seen in a cohort of obesity without eating disorders such as bulimia or binge eating. None of the cognitive measures are associated with eating behavior or BMI.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that abnormal satiety response is a strong contributor to the energy imbalance in 16p11.2 CNV carriers, and, akin to other genetic forms of obesity, altered satiety responsiveness in children precedes the increase in BMI observed later in adolescence
16p11.2 locus modulates response to satiety before the onset of obesity
Background: The 600âkb BP4-BP5 copy number variants (CNVs) at the 16p11.2 locus have been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental conditions including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The number of genomic copies in this region is inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI): the deletion is associated with a highly penetrant form of obesity (present in 50% of carriers by the age of 7 years and in 70% of adults), and the duplication with being underweight. Mechanisms underlying this energy imbalance remain unknown. Objective: This study aims to investigate eating behavior, cognitive traits and their relationships with BMI in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs. Methods: We assessed individuals carrying a 16p11.2 deletion or duplication and their intrafamilial controls using food-related behavior questionnaires and cognitive measures. We also compared these carriers with cohorts of individuals presenting with obesity, binge eating disorder or bulimia. Results: Response to satiety is gene dosage-dependent in pediatric CNV carriers. Altered satiety response is present in young deletion carriers before the onset of obesity. It remains altered in adolescent carriers and correlates with obesity. Adult deletion carriers exhibit eating behavior similar to that seen in a cohort of obesity without eating disorders such as bulimia or binge eating. None of the cognitive measures are associated with eating behavior or BMI. Conclusions: These findings suggest that abnormal satiety response is a strong contributor to the energy imbalance in 16p11.2 CNV carriers, and, akin to other genetic forms of obesity, altered satiety responsiveness in children precedes the increase in BMI observed later in adolescence
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