The changes of burning efficiency emission and power output of a diesel engine fueled by bioethanol – biodiesel-diesel oil mixtures

The environmental pollution and the decrease of the oil based fuels are the greatest problems of the automotive-industry at the start of the 21st century. There were and certainly there are a number of experiments to aiming substitute the petrol and the diesel oil with other fuels. One group of these substitutable fuels is the bioethanol – biodiesel – diesel oil mixtures. These mixtures are very similar to the fuels used today, as it can be used in the engines without any structural changes. At the Technical University of Budapest investigations have been made to explore the possibility of using bioethanol – biodiesel – diesel oil mixtures in vehicles and agricultural engines. The main aspects of the researches was find blends that are substitutable for diesel oil consisting of the most renewable part as possible, reaching the same or similar power output and lower the emissions. The experimentations were based on mixing bioethanol and biodiesel with diesel oil. Our idea was, when the biofuels are mixed they supplement each other, cutting the negative effect of each and increasing the renewable component rate in the fuel. During the researches the two main requirements of the fuel were: the maximal possible renewable part with which the engine does not need any changes, yet meets the prerequisites set by diesel oil and to have the same power and better emissions with the blend. The low (up to 20%) biofuel rate was important, while the first step of introduction is possible with low rates. The experiments were maid at engine benches with different engines, one-cylinder measurements, cetin-number determination, viscosity determination, life cycle analysis and cost benefit analysis. In conclusion of the research it could be established that the use of bioethanol-biodiesel-diesel oil emulsion in agricultural engines is in technicality already solved, as no changes are needed on the engine, and it also reduces the emissions and is economically justified

The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Consolidation, Hybridization, Globalization - Taiwan and Hungary

Different starting points, similar processes and different outcomes can be identified when comparing East Central Europe and East and South Asia. The two regions face similar global challenges, follow regional patterns of democratization and face crises. In communist times, East Central Europe was economically marginalized in the world economy, while some parts of Asia integrated well in the global economy under authoritarian rule. Europeanization and a favorable external environment encouraged the former communist countries to opt for the Western-style rule of law and democracy. Different external factors helped the Third Wave democracies in Asia, especially South Korea and Taiwan, which benefited from the support of the United States and other global economic, military and cultural partnerships to develop their human rights culture and democracy while facing their totalitarian counterparts, namely the People’s Republic of China and North Korea. The very different positions Taiwan and Hungary have in their respective regions follow from the different capacities of their transformation management since 1988-1989. Taiwan preserved its leading role and stable democracy despite the threat to its sovereignty from the People’s Republic of China. Hungary never had such an influential and problematic neighbor and was ensured security and welfare partnership by the European Union, which Taiwan lacked. While Taiwan was less secure, economic and social conditions were more favorable for democratization than those in Hungary. Hungary, in turn, held a leading position in democratization processes in the period of post-communist transition which was lost during the crisis and conflicts of the last decade (after 2006 and especially since 2010). Despite the fact that liberalization prepared the way for peaceful transition in both countries and resulted in similar processes of democratic consolidation in the 1990s, Hungary joined the ‘loser’ group in its region, whereas Taiwan is among the top ‘winning’ countries in its region. Taiwan at the moment is starting comprehensive reform processes toward enhanced democracy, civil rights and the rule of law, and Hungarian development is criticized by many external and internal analysts as straying from the path of European-style consolidated democracies towards illiberal trends and hybridization. Western global concepts of democratization may help to identify similarities and differences, and compare stronger and weaker factors in the democratic transitions in Asia and Europe within the Third Wave democracies

Boundary regularity of stochastic PDEs

The boundary behaviour of solutions of stochastic PDEs with Dirichlet boundary conditions can be surprisingly - and in a sense, arbitrarily - bad: as shown by Krylov, for any $\alpha>0$ one can find a simple $1$-dimensional constant coefficient linear equation whose solution at the boundary is not $\alpha$-H\"older continuous. We obtain a positive counterpart of this: under some mild regularity assumptions on the coefficients, solutions of semilinear SPDEs on $C^1$ domains are proved to be $\alpha$-H\"older continuous up to the boundary with some $\alpha>0$.Comment: 29 page

The linear polarization constant of R^n

The present work contributes to the determination of the n-th linear polarization constant cn(H) of an n-dimensional real Hilbert space H. We provide some new lower bounds on the value of supkyk=1 | hx1, yi · · · hxn, yi |, where x1, . . . , xn are unit vectors in H. In particular, the results improve an earlier estimate of Marcus. However, the intriguing conjecture cn(H) = nn/2 remains open

On quasi-contractivity of C 0-semigroups on Banach spaces

A basic result in semigroup theory states that every C-0-semigroup is quasi-contractive with respect to some appropriately chosen equivalent norm. This paper contains a counterpart of this well-known fact. Namely, by examining the convergence of the Trotter-type formula (e(t/n) (A) p)(n) (where P denotes a bounded projection), we prove that whenever the generator A is unbounded it is possible to introduce an equivalent norm on the space with respect to which the semigroup is not quasi-contractive