Norwegian Arctic Expansionism, Victoria Island (Russia) and the Bratvaag Expedition

Victoria Island (Ostrov Viktoriya in Russian) is the westernmost island of the Russian Arctic. The legal status of this island and neighbouring Franz Josef Land was unclear in 1929 and 1930. At that time Norwegian interests attempted, through a secret campaign to annex Victoria Island and gain a foothold on parts of Franz Josef Land. We describe the events leading up to the Norwegian annexation, which was later abandoned for political reasons.L'île Victoria (en russe Ostrov Viktoriya) est l'île la plus occidentale de l'Arctique russe. En 1929 et 1930, le statut légal de cette île et de l'archipel François-Joseph voisin n'était pas bien défini. À cette époque, les intérêts norvégiens tentaient, par le biais d'une campagne secrète, d'annexer l'île Victoria et d'établir une emprise sur des zones de l'archipel François-Joseph. On décrit les événements menant à l'annexion norvégienne, annexion qui fut délaissée par la suite pour des raisons politiques

FLIIMP - a community software for the processing, calibration, and reporting of liquid water isotope measurements on cavity-ring down spectrometers

Precise and accurate measurements of the stable isotope composition from precipitation, land ice, runoff, and oceans provide critical information on Earth's water cycle. The analysis, post-processing, and calibration of raw analytical signals from laser spectrometers during sample analysis involves a number of critical procedures to counteract instrumental drift, inter-sample memory effects, and the quantification of total uncertainty. We present a new software tool for the post-processing and calibration named FLIIMP (FARLAB Liquid Water Isotope Measurement Processor). FLIIMP facilitates sample processing by (1) a graphical user interface that guides the user along the processing steps from corrections for memory effects, drift, and mixing ratio to calibration, and (2) allows to monitor long-term measurement system behaviour, currently for Picarro-brand water isotope analysers. Final data files are accompanied by a detailed calibration report. Being an open-source software for the major operating systems, users can adapt FLIIMP to their laboratory environment, and the community can contribute the software development. • FLIIMP facilitates post-processing, calibration and reporting for stable water isotope liquid sample analysis. • The stepwise, interactive graphical user interface reduces possibility of errors and shortens processing time. • Open source software enables future development of FLIIMP by the user community.publishedVersio

Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section.

INTRODUCTION: Uncertainties remain as to whether cesarean section is protective for short and long term development of anal incontinence. Our aim was to explore whether women who had only delivered vaginally were at greater risk of anal incontinence compared to nulliparous women and women who had undergone caesarean sections only. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Background information, medical history and data on anal incontinence (defined as fecal or flatus incontinence weekly or more) reported by women participating in a large population-based health survey in Norway (HUNT 3) during the period October 2006-June 2008, was collected and linked to data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Anal incontinence prevalence was calculated and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: Mean age amongst the 12.567 women was 49.9 years. Age and educational level were similar in women with caesarean sections only and those with vaginal delivery and obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Nulliparas and women with vaginal delivery and no OASIS were older and had higher educational achievements. One in four women with OASIS reported anal incontinence compared to one in six amongst the other women(p<.001). Age, educational level, diarrhea, constipation, birthweight and OASIS increased the risk of anal incontinence in all women. Parity was associated with anal incontinence in parous women only. No differences were found for fecal urgency. CONCLUSIONS: Women with vaginal deliveries complicated by OASIS were at increased risk of anal incontinence. However, no increased risk of anal incontinence was found in nulliparous women or women with cesarean sections only or vaginal deliveries not complicated by OASIS

Prevalence of anal incontinence among Norwegian women: a cross-sectional study

-Objective: Anal incontinence (AI) is a symptom associated with age, bowel symptoms and obstetric injuries. Primary aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of AI among women and secondarily to evaluate the impact on daily life and conditions associated with AI. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Participants attended research stations located in different parts of Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires and clinical examinations. Participants: In total, 40 955 community-dwelling women aged 30 years and older were invited. A total of 25 037 women participated, giving a participation rate of 61.1%. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Fecal incontinence and flatal incontinence was defined as involuntary loss of feces and flatus weekly or more, respectively. AI was defined as the involuntary loss of feces and/or flatus weekly or more. Urgency was defined as the inability to defer defecation for 15 min. Statistical methods included prevalence estimates and logistic regression analysis. Results: Questions about AI were completed by 20 391 (82.4%) women. Among the 20 391 women, AI was reported by 19.1% (95% CI 18.6% to 19.7%) and fecal incontinence was reported by 3.0% (95% CI 2.8% to 3.2%). Urgency was experienced by 2586 women (12.7%, 95% CI 12.2 to 13.1). Impact on daily life was stated by 794 (26.0%, 95% CI 24.4 to 27.5) women with AI. In bivariate age-adjusted analysis of AI, OR and CI for urgency (OR 3.19, 95% CI 2.92 to 3.49) and diarrhoea (OR 3.81, 95% CI 3.32 to 4.38) revealed strongest associations with AI. Conclusions: AI affects one in five women older than 30 years. Strongest associated symptoms are urgency and diarrhoea

Proterozoic Deep Carbon—Characterisation, Origin and the Role of Fluids during High-Grade Metamorphism of Graphite (Lofoten–Vesterålen Complex, Norway)

Graphite formation in the deep crust during granulite facies metamorphism is documented in the Proterozoic gneisses of the Lofoten–Vesterålen Complex, northern Norway. Graphite schist is hosted in banded gneisses dominated by orthopyroxene-bearing quartzofeldspathic gneiss, including marble, calcsilicate rocks and amphibolite. The schist has major graphite (<modality 39%), quartz, plagioclase, pyroxenes, biotite (Mg# = 0.67–0.91; Ti < 0.66 a.p.f.u.) and K-feldspar/perthite. Pyroxene is orthopyroxene (En69–74) and/or clinopyroxene (En33–53Fs1–14Wo44–53); graphite occurs in assemblage with metamorphic orthopyroxene. Phase diagram modelling (plagioclase + orthopyroxene (Mg#-ratio = 0.74) + biotite + quartz + rutile + ilmenite + graphite-assemblage) constrains pressure-temperature conditions of 810–835 °C and 0.73–0.77 GPa; Zr-in-rutile thermometry 726–854 °C. COH fluids stabilise graphite and orthopyroxene; the high Mg#-ratio of biotite and pyroxenes, and apatite Cl < 2 a.p.f.u., indicate the importance of fluids during metamorphism. Stable isotopic δ13Cgraphite in the graphite schist is −38 to −17‰; δ13Ccalcite of marbles +3‰ to +10‰. Samples with both graphite and calcite present give lighter values for δ13Ccalcite = −8.7‰ to −9.5‰ and heavier values for δ13Cgraphite = −11.5‰ to −8.9‰. δ18Ocalcite for marble shows lighter values, ranging from −15.4‰ to −7.5‰. We interpret the graphite origin as organic carbon accumulated in sediments, while isotopic exchange between graphite and calcite reflects metamorphic and hydrothermal re-equilibration.publishedVersio

Kommunen sin framtidige næringsutviklingsrolle

På oppdrag fra Distriktssenteret har vi deltatt på arbeidsverksted om kommunens rolle som næringsutviklere i 2023, og utarbeidet dette notatet som innspill i det arbeidet. Invitasjonen og refleksjonene er basert på Interregprosjektet Regional utvikling og samfunnsentreprenørskap Norge-Sverige (ReSeNS). Det er tatt utgangspunkt i driverne endringer i velferdssystemet og samskaping som ny ressurslogikk. Innspill er fundert i en modell av samskaping og samstyring av sektorene det offentlige, næringslivet og sivilsamfunnet, med fokus på nye roller, entreprenørskap som drivkraft, kulturbygging, digitaliseringen og kommunene som playmaker i utviklingen av lokalsamfunn

Evolution and risk factors of anal incontinence during the first 6 years after first delivery: a prospective cohort study

Complicated vaginal delivery, age and bowel emptying problems increase the risk of long-term anal incontinence.publishedVersio