Automated Traffic Control System for Emergency Services

This project aims at creating an effective automated traffic control system to prevent ambulances/emergency service vehicles from getting caught up in traffic, there by decreasing hindrances to vital services both in regular and critical situations. The system is implemented by using the Zig Bee wireless communication protocol for wireless communication, IR speed sensors, GPS technology, secure protocols and analytics to create a smart, secure, energy efficient and a cost-effective solution thus making it a practical solution

IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISM FROM DENTAL PATIENTS

ABSTRACTObjective: To isolate and identify aerobic microbes present in the periodontal infected patients and to evaluate the choice of antibiotics in themanagement of periodontal diseases.Methods: In this study, these patients have not been treated previously for their conditions. An informed consent was obtained from these patientsbefore collection of an oral swab. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. The details of the patient's age, sex, and clinicaldetails were recorded on a per forma meant for this study. The following methodologies were adopted for the isolation and identification of the microorganismsfromthese cases.Results: In this study out of 50 oral samples, culture positivity was recorded in 43 (86%) cases and no growth in 7 (14%) cases. Antibiotic susceptibilitytest using to identified as resistant, sensitive, intermediate of pathogenicity of oral microbes. Such antibiotics were methicillin, ceftazidime,clindamycin, amikacin, cloxacillin, and cefotaxime. This study should be kept in mind when a local application of antibacterial compounds is used inthe therapy of periodontal disease.Conclusion: This study highlights the different organisms involved in the different types of dental infections. The antibiotic pattern shown in this workwill be a guide to the clinician in the selection of proper antibiotics for the treatment of these infections. Hence in this study, the limitations were timeand the number of patients. For better outcomes, a larger study population for a longer period of time should be undertaken to know the bacteriologyand to the select the effective drugs of choice for dental infections. A comparative study of bacteriology and mycology and its antimicrobial propertywould be very fruitful in the future.Keywords: Dental, Periodontal, Bacteria, Antibiotics

To Study The Ameliorative Effect Of Hydroalcholic Extract Of Caryota urens (Arecaceae) On Streptozotocin Induced Alzheimer’s Model In Mice

INTRODUCTION:Nature is the abundant source of medicinal plants. The use of medicinal plants is from ancient times onward. Till today majority of people rely on such traditional remedies. Many of compounds used for the production of modern medicines were also derived from the herbs in the surroundings. Because of their ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that can be used to perform important biological functions, their phytochemicals have been processed for beneficial effects on long-term health when consumed by humans, and can be used to effectively treat human diseases. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far, a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.The term "herbs" refers to plants or parts of them, including grasses, flowers, berries, seeds, leaves, nuts, stems, stalks and roots, which are used for their therapeutic and healthenhancing properties. Generations of skilled herbal practitioners, researchers and scholars have refined and tested the vast science of herbology, producing thousands of plant-based remedies that are safe and effective. SCOPE OF THE WORK: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodenerative disorder that gradually impairs memory and ability to learn, reasoning, judgment, communication and daily activities. AD is characterized clinically by cognitive and memory impairment. An estimated 5.4 million Americans of all ages have Alzheimer's disease in 2016.Of the 5.4 million Americans with Alzheimer's, an estimated 5.2 million people are age 65 and older. By 2050, the number of people age 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease may nearly triple, from 5.2 million to a projected 13.8 million. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. But currently some category of drugs like AChE inhibitors and NMDA antagonists were used along with some antioxidants and some other supportive therapy. Therefore there is a lot of promising scope in the development of drug therapy for this serious and debilitating disorder. Since ancient time the herbal medicines are effective in the treatment of various ailment, many plants have been used in the treatment of several dreadful disease but they are not scientifically exploited or improperly used. Therefore, these plant drugs deserve detailed studies in the light of modern science. The present study is to prove the memory enhancement and cognitive effect of caryota urens on Alzheimer’s induced mice using various memory retention experiments such as Y maze , Morris water maze, Passive avoidance etc. DISCUSSION: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is now the most common cause of dementia . The incidence of AD increases with age . Impairment of short-term memory usually is the first clinical feature. When the condition progresses, additional cognitive abilities are impaired, as the ability to calculate, and use common objects and tools. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are the only agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of AD. All other agents prescribed for the treatment of AD are used on an off- label basis. As per previous studies caryota urens has excellent antioxidant property, hence it is believed to have actions on CNS disorders and neurodegeneration diseases. The present study has revealed the ameliorative effect of HAECU on STZ induced Alzheimer’s disease in mice. STZ induced impairment of memory was assessed by using various behavioral parameters like Passive avoidance task, Y maze task, and Morris water maze test. It was found that treatment with HAECU protect cognitive deficits in STZ induced Alzheimer’s disease. Spatial learning in the open field habituation was approached to access learning and memory. The decrease in response to a normal environment after repeated exposures to the familiar environment is referred to spatial habitual learning. Recurrent exposure produces a decrease in the exploratory initiatives, which is implicative of memory pertaining to a specific feature of that environment. Exploratory activities may be reduced on subsequent contact with open field. In the result of this study reduced by the group of animals treated with HAECU indicated increased spatial habitual learning and sleep deprivation decreased spatial habitual learning.CONCLUSION: The selected dose 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of caryota urens showed significant action in memory and learning processes but higher dose 400mg/kg showed better action than lower dose 200mg/kg. The present study relieved the action of caryota urens on streptozotocin induced alzheimer’s disease on mice model. From the results it can be concluded that caryota urens remarkable effect in memory enhancement and oxidative stress. Further studies are required for the identification of molecular level action and individual phytoconstitutent that may responsible for CNS action

Comparision between Topical Glyceryl Trinitrate and Lateral Anal Sphincterotomy in Treatment of Chronic Fissure in Ano

AIM : The objective of my study is to compare the efficacy of topical GTN over lateral sphincterotomy in the management of chronic fissure in ano. METHODOLOGY : This study is based on analysis of 104 patients with fissure in ano who underwent treatment in Govt Thanjavur Medical College Hospital,Thanjavur from August 2014-2015. patients were divided in to 52 each who were treated by medical and surgical methods respectively on a prospective basis. RESULTS : In this study, males were commonly affected than females.. The most common age group were 41-50yrs. Fissure in ano is rare in children and old age. Majority of the patients presented with pain during defecation. Constipation was the major predisposing factor among all cases. Most of the fissures were located in the posterior midline. Most of the patients with fissures of long duration had sentinel skin tag and hypertrophied papilla. Anterior fissures were slightly more common in females. No patients studied had inflammatory bowel disease. Patients who were treated surgically by open partial lateral anal sphincterotomy had better relief of symptoms. Around 27% patients managed medically by 0.2% GTN did not have relief of symptoms after one month of treatment, who either discontinued treatment or required conversion to surgery. Complication of Glyceryl trinitrate(GTN) is headache which occurred in majority of patients. Patients treated surgically had few complications in the preoperative period which subsided after two weeks. Pain is the most common post operative complication of lateral anal sphincterotomy. It is experience around 11 percentage of the patients undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION : Most acute analfissures heal with conservative measures. Those that become chronic may respond to conservative management glyceryl trinitrate 0.2% topical cream application. Persisting fissures and symptomatic patients should be considered for lateral partial internal sphincterotomy. So, in chronic anal fissure 0.2% glyceryl trinitrate application can be considered as an initial line of management

Study of insulin resistance and antioxidant vitamin status in prostate cancer patients

The incidence of prostate cancer is 5 per 100000 in southern and eastern Asia. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its etiology. The mitogenic and growth stimulatory effects of Insulin growth factor may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. To evaluate serum insulin and insulin resistance was passed by HOMA- IR. Prostatic specific antigen passed by immune-enzymatic assay. Vitamins were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography. In our study 30 prostate cancer patients aged 60-80years were taken as cases. 30 normal age matched disease free person were taken as controls in both groups, Insulin resistance and antioxidant vitamin status was studied.  In the present study, the value of HOMA-IR was (P <0.05) is significantly higher compare to controls. Serum vitamin E and vitamin C values for cases was reduced (P <0.05) significantly lower than controls. The development of prostate cancer is a multistep process. Hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance may play a role in pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cells generate high levels a ROS

Egulating gene expression through RNA nuclear retention

Multiple mechanisms have evolved to regulate the eukaryotic genome. We have identified CTN-RNA, a mouse tissue-specific w8 kb nuclear-retained poly(A) + RNA that regulates the level of its protein-coding partner. CTN-RNA is transcribed from the protein-coding mouse cationic amino acid transporter 2 (mCAT2) gene through alternative promoter and poly(A) site usage. CTN-RNA is diffusely distributed in nuclei and is also localized to paraspeckles. The 3�UTR of CTN-RNA contains elements for adenosine-to-inosine editing, involved in its nuclear retention. Interestingly, knockdown of CTN-RNA also downregulates mCAT2 mRNA. Under stress, CTN-RNA is posttranscriptionally cleaved to produce protein-coding mCAT2 mRNA. Our findings reveal a role of the cell nucleus in harboring RNA molecules that are not immediately needed to produce proteins but whose cytoplasmic presence is rapidly required upon physiologic stress. This mechanism of action highlights an important paradigm for the role of a nuclear-retained stable RNA transcript in regulating gene expression

DISTRIBUTION OF VIRULENCE FACTORS AMONG VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS FROM DENTAL ISOLATES

ABSTRACTObjective: Enterococcus faecalis causing serious infections especially as a nosocomial pathogen was reinforced in many epidemiological studies. Manyvirulence factors were found to be involved in the pathogenesis of enterococcal infections and understanding of those factors are still limited. The aimof this study was to detect the presence of seven virulence genes in E. faecalis isolates from various dental conditions.Methods: A total of 42 E. faecalis isolates that were found to be vancomycin resistant were studied. Identification of the isolates was done bybiochemical methods and 16s rRNA and screened for the presence of virulence genes eep, ace, asa1, asa373, enlA, fsr, and sprE using PCR.Results: All the 42 isolates were found to contain at least one and concomitantly up to as many as six virulence genes, with three or four being acommon pattern. Most of the strains carried the ace gene (95%), and other genes were present at the frequency of 33% to 90% as well and 12% ofthe isolates carried eep+ace+asa1+asa373+fsr+sprE pattern in combination.Conclusion: From the data, it was observed that with different dental (clinical) conditions both dental caries and gingivitis were found to have variousand highest prevalence of virulence factors though all the virulence genes were observed randomly in all the isolates. It should be pointed out thatgene silencing could play its part in virulence determinants regardless of mere presence of virulence gene.Keywords: Virulence factors, Aggregation substance, Enterolysin, Collagen-binding protein, Molecular detection

Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of the Ethanolic Extract of the root of Oncoba spinosa (Flacourtiaceae) in Rodents

Purpose: To investigate the toxicological profile of the ethanol extract of Oncoba spinosa (EEOS) after acute and sub-chronic administration to rodents.Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single administration of the extract at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively, was given to the mice. Mice were observed for general behavioural changes, adverse effects and mortality up to 14 days post-treatment. In sub-acute toxicity studies, EEOS was given orally to male and female rats at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. Body weight, food intake and water intake were monitored throughout the experimental period; hematological parameters, biochemical parameters of the blood and histopathology of various organs were also evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results: In the acute toxicity study, both the doses used did not cause any mortality or significant behavioural changes. Daily oral administration of EEOS for 28 days, in the sub-chronic toxicity study, did not show any treatment-related abnormalities with regard to hematological and biochemical parameters. There were no significant differences in body weight and organ weight between the control and treated groups (p &lt; 0.05). Histological analysis did not show any morphological changes in the major vital organs (liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, brain and heart) tested.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the extract may not have any single dose toxicity. The LD50 value is greater than 5000 mg/kg. The no-observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) was considered to be 1000 mg/kg for male and female rats, respectively.Keywords: Oncoba spinosa, Acute and sub-acute toxicity, Hematological, Biochemical parameter

Preparation and evaluation of adipic dihydrazide cross-linked hyaluronic acid microspheres for cephalexin

Hyaluronic acid also called as Hyaluronan, Sodium Hyaluronate (SA), sodium salt form of Hyaluronic acid is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and viscoelastic linear polysaccharide of a wide molecular weight range (1000 to 10,000,000 Da). In this project, described a method for preparing HA microspheres at different pH conditions by adapting a non-toxic and aqueous based crosslinking chemistry for sustained drug delivery of drugs. The derivatization chemistry of HA utilizing adipic dihydrazide has been used to construct hydrogels, applied for microsphere preparation. ADH was coupled efficiently to carbodimide-activated glucoronic acid residues of hyluronans. These ADH modified hyaluronan can be loaded with drug molecules and then cross linked into hydrogel. The drug was present in the bulk of hydrogel droplets which are present in liquid paraffin are precipitated by IPA. Formulating HA microspheres with this method have several advantages. Preliminary studies were conducted to confirm the better ratio of HA and ADH to show maximum entrapment efficiency and drug release. Then microspheres were prepared at different pH conditions and formulations were subjected to evaluation of various parameters like percentage yield, particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, porosity and bulk density, surface morphology, in vitro drug release among which F2B was optimized as best formulation which showed 74.6% entrapment efficiency and above 90% of drug release in 12 hours indicating Hyaluronic acid microspheres can be used as good carriers for sustained drug delivery of drugs