64 research outputs found

    Optimization of structural solutions of reinforcement cages of bendable reinforced concrete elements

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    This article discusses the comparison of the design solutions of welded and knitted reinforcement cages used for reinforcement of concrete structures and evaluated their advantages and disadvantage

    Optimization of structural solutions of reinforcement cages of bendable reinforced concrete elements

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    This article discusses the comparison of the design solutions of welded and knitted reinforcement cages used for reinforcement of concrete structures and evaluated their advantages and disadvantage

    A Study of the Residual 39Ar Content in Argon from Underground Sources

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    The discovery of argon from underground sources with significantly less 39Ar than atmospheric argon was an important step in the development of direct-detection dark matter experiments using argon as the active target. We report on the design and operation of a low background detector with a single phase liquid argon target that was built to study the 39Ar content of the underground argon. Underground argon from the Kinder Morgan CO2 plant in Cortez, Colorado was determined to have less than 0.65% of the 39Ar activity in atmospheric argon.Comment: 21 pages, 10 figure

    Π§ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Π³Π»ΡŽΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ in vitro Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с хроничСской обструктивной болСзнью Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ…

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    Inhaled corticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their efficacy significantly varies between patients. The aim of the study was to establish approaches to reveal steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant patients with COPD using the blood and lung cells. Methods. Forty five patients with COPD undergoing bronchoscopy were recruited for the study of cytokine secretion by alveolar macrophages under the influence of glucocorticoids. Alveolar macrophages isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and different concentrations of dexamethasone (0.01 – 1000 nM) for 24 h. Then, supernatants were removed and analyzed for concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor Ξ± (TNF-Ξ±). Binding of the glucocorticoid with its receptors was investigated in 24 patients with COPD, 20 healthy smokers and 20 healthy non-smokers. Blood cells were cultured with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled dexamethasone and monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of lymphocyte and monocyte populations. Fluorescence intensity of FITC-labelled dexamethasone was analyzed in blood cells using flow cytometry. Results. Dexamethasone significantly inhibited IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-Ξ± production in alveolar macrophages in a dose dependent manner. The maximal inhibition of cytokine production was observed at dexamethasone concentration of 100 nM, and the maximal cell response variability was found at 10 nM. IL-8 was less sensitive to the corticosteroid compared to IL-6 and TNF-Ξ±. Dexamethasone at any concentration failed to reach >50% inhibition of LPS-induced production of IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-Ξ± in alveolar macrophages of 40.0%; 11.1% and 8.9% of COPD patients, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of FITC-labelled dexamethasone in blood lymphocytes and monocytes was lower in smokers with COPD compared to healthy smokers and healthy non-smokers. The binding of dexamethasone with its receptors in the blood cells was higher in healthy non-smokers compared to healthy smokers. Conclusion. In vitro response of alveolar macrophages to glucocorticoids in COPD patients is characterized by significant inter-individual variability. The weak corticosteroid-related inhibition of IL-8 production can contribute to neutrophilic inflammation in COPD. The capacity of glucocorticoid receptors to bind with their ligands in blood lymphocytes and monocytes is decreased in COPD patients.Π˜Π½Π³Π°Π»ΡΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π»ΡŽΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ (ΠΈΠ“ΠšΠ‘) ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ для лСчСния ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с хроничСской обструктивной болСзнью Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… (Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›), ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ различаСтся. ЦСлью настоящСго исслСдования явилось ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›, Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊ Π“ΠšΠ‘, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Π’ исслСдовании Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½-ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΡŒΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΎΠ² (АМ) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ влияниСм Π“ΠšΠ‘ приняли участиС ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ (n = 45), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ бронхоскопия. АМ, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ…ΠΎΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π°Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Тидкости, ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ с липополисахаридом ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ концСнтрациями дСксамСтазона (0,01–1Β 000 нМ). По истСчСнии 1 суток ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ супСрнатанты, Π² Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ концСнтрация ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½Π° (IL)-6, IL-8 ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ-Ξ± (TNF-Ξ±). Для изучСния особСнностСй взаимодСйствия Π“ΠšΠ‘ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² обслСдованы ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ с Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› (n = 24), Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (n = 20) ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ нСкурящиС (n = 20). ΠšΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ с дСксамСтазоном, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„Π»ΡŽΠΎΡ€Π΅ΡΡ†Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ (FITC) ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ повСрхностным Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ популяций Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Анализ интСнсивности Ρ„Π»ΡŽΠΎΡ€Π΅ΡΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ FITC-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дСксамСтазона Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ проводился с использованиСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ использовании дСксамСтазона дозозависимо сниТалась сСкрСция IL-6, IL-8 ΠΈ TNF-Ξ± АМ. МаксимальноС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ингибирования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² АМ наблюдалось ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ дСксамСтазона 100 нМ, Π° наибольшая ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ – ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 10 нМ. IL-8 Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ чувствитСлСн ΠΊ ΠΈΠ“ΠšΠ‘, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ IL-6 ΠΈ TNF-Ξ±. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ любой ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ дСксамСтазон Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° 50 % ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ IL-8 Π² АМ Ρƒ 40 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›, IL-6 – Ρƒ 11,1 %, TNF-Ξ± – Ρƒ 8,9 %. Π£ курящих ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π»ΡŽΠΎΡ€Π΅ΡΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ FITC-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дСксамСтазона Π² популяциях Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ оказалась Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρƒ курящих ΠΈ нСкурящих Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ…. БвязываниС дСксамСтазона со своими Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ Ρƒ нСкурящих Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρƒ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› характСризуСтся сущСствСнной ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ in vitro ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° АМ Π½Π° Π“ΠšΠ‘. ΠžΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ синтСза IL-8 Π“ΠšΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° воспалСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›. Для ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› свойствСнно сниТСниС способности Π“ΠšΠ‘-Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ со своими Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ

    ВСроятностная ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° пригодности судСбно-экспСртной ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β»

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    Β The results of validation of the method β€œMicroscopic analysis of textile fibers” used in forensic fiber examination are presented. An attempt is made to estimate reliability of testing of this method numerically by the proportions of right and false results and credibility ratio.The testing method under consideration consists in establishing a set of external characteristics of natural and chemical textile fibers: color, peculiarities of coloration, morphological features, presence/absence of a matting agent. These generic characteristics are used in forensic textile analysis.Β As the objects of testing fiber samples from comparative collection of a forensic fiber laboratory were used. Four experts participated in the experiment independently examining eleven fiber samples by eleven external characteristics for a week.A low (2,2 %) rate of false results in relation to the total number of tests was established as well as the low (less than 3,0 %) rate of each expert’s false results. The probability of the right results of characteristics’ assessment is 30 times higher than the probability of false results.The results of the experiment permit the conclusion that the method is suitable to be used in forensic fiber examination when dealing with various tasks: classification, identification, situational and diagnostic.Β Β ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β», примСняСмой ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ судСбно-экспСртном исслСдовании волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ тСстирования этой ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ числСнно: ΠΏΠΎ значСниям Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ правдоподобия.РассматриваСмая ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° тСстирования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² установлСнии комплСкса Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ химичСских Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½: Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°, особСнности окраски, морфологичСских особСнностСй, наличия/отсутствия ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°. Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ судСбно-экспСртном исслСдовании Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠžΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ тСстирования являлись ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ криминалистичСской экспСртизы волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π’ экспСримСнтС участвовали Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ экспСрта, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ нСзависимо исслСдовали ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ внСшним ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ.УстановлСн Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (2,2 %) ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ числу тСстирований, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 3,0 %) ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· экспСртов. Π’Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ совокупности ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² 30 Ρ€Π°Π· Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ вСроятности Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ².Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ экспСримСнта ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° для использования Π² судСбной экспСртизС волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡: классификационных, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, ситуационно-диагностичСских.

    Dnmt3a is an epigenetic mediator of adipose insulin resistance

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    Insulin resistance results from an intricate interaction between genetic make-up and environment, and thus may be orchestrated by epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation. Here, we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) is both necessary and sufficient to mediate insulin resistance in cultured mouse and human adipocytes. Furthermore, adipose-specific Dnmt3a knock-out mice are protected from diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance without accompanying changes in adiposity. Unbiased gene profiling studies revealed Fgf21 as a key negatively regulated Dnmt3a target gene in adipocytes with concordant changes in DNA methylation at the Fgf21 promoter region. Consistent with this, Fgf21 can rescue Dnmt3a-mediated insulin resistance, and DNA methylation at the FGF21 locus was elevated in human subjects with diabetes and correlated negatively with expression of FGF21 in human adipose tissue. Taken together, our data demonstrate that adipose Dnmt3a is a novel epigenetic mediator of insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ особСнности Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ судСбно-экспСртных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ

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    The article reviews and summarizes the experience of validating forensic expert techniques in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The authors point out the methodological features of practical implementation of the validation procedure. They demonstrate that the specificity, diversity, and complexity of the objects of expert study require the classification of the applied methods in terms of metrology, identification of the main validation parameters of quantitative and qualitative methods, organization of experiments, and evaluation of validation parameters using mathematical analysis methods. They also propose to divide methods into two types: forensic expert measurement methods (FMT) and forensic expert testing methods (FTT). Based on the generalization of information presented in several regulatory documents and scientific publications, the following parameters are identified for FMT: metrological characteristics or properties of the method (specificity, linearity, sensitivity, range of determined values, detection limit, quantitative determination limit) and quality indicators of the method (precision, correctness, accuracy of the analysis result, or uncertainty). When validating FTT, it is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the method and the competence of the expert.An experiment to assess validation parameters is performed using enough control samples with established characteristics of controlled indicators and with the participation of a sufficient number of experts. Requirements for control samples are provided.The authors also give examples of probabilistic evaluation of validation parameters for two qualitative testing methods: microscopic examination of textile fibers and detection of gunshot residue using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The reliability of these methods is assessed by calculating the likelihood ratio, and the specificity of interpreting the results of FMT and FTT validation is noted.The decision on compliance with the requirements is made if the interval of the established extended uncertainty for the obtained result does not exceed the tolerance field. In the absence of tolerances, FMT is considered suitable for solving forensic expert tasks if the values of the extended uncertainty of the measurement results of the controlled indicator do not exceed the values established during validation. For FTT, a low probabilistic proportion of false positive and false negative results in determining the presence/absence of controlled indicators, as well as experimentally confirmed competence of the expert during validation, are indicators of the suitability of the method for its intended useΠ’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСн ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ судСбно-экспСртных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ (БЭМ) Π² Π€Π‘Π£ Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π­ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠœΠΈΠ½ΡŽΡΡ‚Π΅ России. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ мСтодологичСскиС особСнности практичСской Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² экспСртного исслСдования Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ классификации ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π² мСтрологичСском ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅, выявлСния основных ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ количСствСнных ΠΈ качСствСнных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ экспСримСнта ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ матСматичСских ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°: судСбноэкспСртныС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСрСния (БЭМИ) ΠΈ судСбно-экспСртныС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ тСстирования (БЭМВ). На основании обобщСния свСдСний, прСдставлСнных Π² рядС Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, для БЭМИ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹: мСтрологичСскиС характСристики ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ свойства ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ опрСдСляСмых Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π» обнаруТСния, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π» количСствСнного опрСдСлСния) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ качСства ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ). ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ БЭМВ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экспСрта.ЭкспСримСнт ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ с использованиСм достаточного количСства ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² с установлСнными характСристиками ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ с участиСм достаточного числа экспСртов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ трСбования, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡŠΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°ΠΌ.Π Π°Π·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ вСроятностной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ для Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… качСствСнных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ тСстирования: ΠΏΠΎ микроскопичСскому исслСдованию Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ слСдов ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² выстрСла с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ элСктронной микроскопии ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π”Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° надСТности этих ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ расчСта ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ правдоподобия, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π° спСцифика ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ БЭМИ ΠΈ БЭМВ.РСшСниС ΠΎ соотвСтствии БЭМИ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡŠΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ трСбованиям принимаСтся, Ссли ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π» установлСнной Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ нСопрСдСлСнности для ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ поля допуска. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ отсутствии допусков БЭМИ считаСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ судСбноэкспСртных Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡, Ссли значСния Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ нСопрСдСлСнности Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ показатСля Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, установлСнных ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Для БЭМВ низкая вСроятностная доля Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² установлСния наличия/отсутствия ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ подтвСрТдСнная ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экспСрта Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ показатСлями пригодности ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ для Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ использовани

    Валидация ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСрСния Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° микроскопС-спСктрофотомСтрС МБЀУ-К

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    This work is part of a series of efforts towards validation of methods used in forensic fiber analysis. These efforts address current needs for accreditation of forensic laboratories and quality control in operations.The qualitative testing methodology consists of obtaining absorption spectra with the microscope spectrophotometer MSFU-K and comparing the spectral characteristics of color in fiber samples. The expert determines whether the textile fibers submitted for analysis match in color or not, depending on the results of spectral comparison.The proposed validation experiment algorithm is designed for evaluating uncertainty in optical density measurements and the level of expert competence.In this case uncertainty corresponds to reproducibility standard deviation. To evaluate uncertainty, two operators took readings of absorption spectra of dyed fibers independently in the course of three days, and measured optical density at maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths. To evaluate repeatability, 5 spectra were obtained in a row on each of the three days.The testing was conducted using three samples of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. Key characteristic points in the samples’ absorption spectra covered a wide range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Measurements were taken using the MSFU-K microspectrophotometer, which consists of a microscope with a spectrophotometric add-on unit.Statistical analysis of measurement data demonstrated uncertainty levels between 7,1 % and 22,1 %. Uncertainty values below 30 % are indicative of quantitative measurements and insignificant variance of optical density values, which corresponds to high reproducibility of spectra and allows the expert to make statistically reliable match/non-match conclusions on the color of compared fibers.Expert competence was assessed based on Β«blindΒ» test results. The experts had to determine which of the three samples were colored with the same dye. Each of the two experts was provided with 3 visually identical samples that were colored with different dyes. The experts were asked to distinguish between fibers treated with the same dye. When analyzing obtained spectra, both experts correctly identified same-color fibers based on matching color spectral characteristics.Positive validation results suggest that the MSFU-K microscope spectrophotometer can be successfully used in forensic fiber analysis for measuring the color of dyed fibers.Β Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΈΠ· сСрии Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, примСняСмых ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ производствС криминалистичСской экспСртизы волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².Π‘ΡƒΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ качСствСнной ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ тСстирования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ спСктрофотомСтра МБЀУ-К спСктра поглощСния ΠΈ сопоставлСнии ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… характСристик Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° сравниваСмых Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. На основании сопоставлСния спСктров экспСрт Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ вопрос, совпадаСт/Π½Π΅ совпадаСт Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚ сравниваСмых Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, прСдставлСнных Π½Π° экспСртизу.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° схСма экспСримСнта Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ являлись ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° нСопрСдСлСнности измСрСния оптичСской плотности ΠΈ уровня компСтСнтности экспСртов.Π’ рассматриваСмом случаС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ совпадаСт со срСднСквадратичным ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (БКО) воспроизводимости. Для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ нСопрСдСлСнности Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° снимали нСзависимо Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ спСктры поглощСния ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ измСряли ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ… максимума ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, снимая Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ спСктров подряд.Для исслСдования Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π° ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½). ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристичСскиС Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ спСктров поглощСния ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ спСктра. Π˜Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ выполняли Π½Π° микроспСктрофотомСтрС МБЀУ-К, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ прСдставляСт собой микроскоп со спСктрофотомСтричСской насадкой.Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ статистичСской ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ оптичСской плотности установлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ 7,1 Π΄ΠΎ 22,1 %. ЗначСния нСопрСдСлСнности <30 % ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° количСствСнный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, нСсущСствСнный разброс Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ оптичСской плотности, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соотвСтствуСт высокой воспроизводимости спСктра ΠΈ позволяСт экспСрту Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ достовСрныС Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎ совпадСнии/нСсовпадСнии Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° сравниваСмых Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экспСртов ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ «слСпых» испытаний. ЭкспСрты Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ краситСлСм. Π”Π²ΡƒΠΌ экспСртам Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ прСдоставлСны ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ практичСски Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ, Π½ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ краситСлями. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ экспСртами ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ краситСлСм. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… спСктров ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΌ экспСртом Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ сдСланы ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°Ρ…, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ характСристикам Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°.На основании ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ экспСримСнта сдСлан Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ пригодности ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСрСния Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° микроскопС-спСктрофотомСтрС МБЀУ-К для примСнСния Π² криминалистичСской экспСртизС волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².

    Kimberlites reveal 2.5-billion-year evolution of a deep, isolated mantle reservoir

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    The widely accepted paradigm of Earth's geochemical evolution states that the successive extraction of melts from the mantle over the past 4.5 billion years formed the continental crust, and produced at least one complementary melt-depleted reservoir that is now recognized as the upper-mantle source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts1. However, geochemical modelling and the occurrence of high 3He/4He (that is, primordial) signatures in some volcanic rocks suggest that volumes of relatively undifferentiated mantle may reside in deeper, isolated regions2. Some basalts from large igneous provinces may provide temporally restricted glimpses of the most primitive parts of the mantle3,4, but key questions regarding the longevity of such sources on planetary timescalesβ€”and whether any survive todayβ€”remain unresolved. Kimberlites, small-volume volcanic rocks that are the source of most diamonds, offer rare insights into aspects of the composition of the Earth’s deep mantle. The radiogenic isotope ratios of kimberlites of different ages enable us to map the evolution of this domain through time. Here we show that globally distributed kimberlites originate from a single homogeneous reservoir with an isotopic composition that is indicative of a uniform and pristine mantle source, which evolved in isolation over at least 2.5 billion years of Earth historyβ€”to our knowledge, the only such reservoir that has been identified to date. Around 200 million years ago, extensive volumes of the same source were perturbed, probably as a result of contamination by exogenic material. The distribution of affected kimberlites suggests that this event may be related to subduction along the margin of the Pangaea supercontinent. These results reveal a long-lived and globally extensive mantle reservoir that underwent subsequent disruption, possibly heralding a marked change to large-scale mantle-mixing regimes. These processes may explain why uncontaminated primordial mantle is so difficult to identify in recent mantle-derived melts
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