Tunneling magnetoresistance in diluted magnetic semiconductor tunnel junctions

Using the spin-polarized tunneling model and taking into account the basic physics of ferromagnetic semiconductors, we study the temperature dependence of the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in the diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) trilayer heterostructure system (Ga,Mn)As/AlAs/(Ga,Mn)As. The experimentally observed TMR ratio is in reasonable agreement with our result based on the typical material parameters. It is also shown that the TMR ratio has a strong dependence on both the itinerant-carrier density and the magnetic ion density in the DMS electrodes. This can provide a potential way to achieve larger TMR ratio by optimally adjusting the material parameters.Comment: 5 pages (RevTex), 3 figures (eps), submitted to PR

Chitosan based fibrous absorbents for indoxyl sulfate sorption

Standard dialyzer membranes, designed for diffusive clearance, do not effectively clear protein-bound uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS). To increase protein-bound toxins removal, absorbents require a high specific surface area to achieve effective size-coupling removal of target toxins. However, the toxicity of a molecule is not necessarily determined by size alone. As proof of concept, we report on an electrospun polycaprolactone/chitosan (PCL/CS) fibrous absorbent for IS removal based on chemical structural interaction. A single unit (20 mm in length) of our PCL/CS absorbent achieved a 28% clearance of IS within an hour at both 40 mg/L and 5 mg/L concentrations in a single pass model. This fibrous absorbent structure offers new thoughts on absorbent design

Sponge-like chitosan based porous monolith for uraemic toxins sorption

More than three million patients are treated for kidney failure world-wide. Haemodialysis, the most commonly used treatment, requires large amounts of water and generates mountains of non-recyclable plastic waste. To improve the environmental footprint, dialysis treatments need to develop absorbents to regenerate the waste dialysate. Whereas conventional dialysis clears watersoluble toxins, it is not so effective in clearing protein-bound uraemic toxins (PBUTs), such as indoxyl sulfate (IS). Thus, developing absorption devices to remove both water-soluble toxins and PBUTs would be advantageous. Vapour induced phase separation (VIPS) has been used in this work to produce polycaprolactone/chitosan (PCL/CS) composite symmetric porous monoliths with extra porous carbon additives to increase creatinine and albumin-bound IS absorption. Moreover, these easy-to-fabricate porous monoliths can be formed into the required geometry. The PCL/CS porous monoliths absorbed 436 μg/g of albumin-bound IS and 2865 μg/g of creatinine in a single-pass perfusion model within 1 h. This porous PCL/CS monolith could potentially be used to absorb uraemic toxins, including PBUTs, and thus allow the regeneration of waste dialysate and the development of a new generation of environmentally sustainable dialysis treatments, including wearable devices

Environmental cost and impacts of chemicals used in agriculture: An integration of emergy and Life Cycle Assessment

Modern intensive agriculture worldwide is generating increasing environmental pressure, which prevents its sustainable development. A number of agricultural sustainability assessment approaches and methodological frameworks have been developed by research worldwide to assess the environmental costs and impacts of resources used in agricultural production. A joint use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA, to assess a process' performance and environmental impacts) and Emergy Accounting (EMA, to estimate environmental support to resource generation and provision) is proposed in this study. The goal is not only to ascertain the environmental ‘cost’ of production of selected chemical resources used in agricultural processes, but also to develop a reliable calculation procedure capable to integrate the two approaches (LCA and EMA), while considering their different allocation algebra and space-time scales of application. Specifically, the UEVs of glyphosate and urea, which are respectively the most used herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer used in worldwide agriculture, are calculated, yielding values of 2.47E+13 sej/kg and 7.07E+12 sej/kg, respectively. In order to do so, UEVs of intermediate process chemicals such as ammonia, acetic anhydride, chlorine gas, formaldehyde, phosphorous chloride, and sodium hydroxide have also been calculated or updated, thus providing at the same time a procedure and a set of values potentially useful for future studies. The LCA impacts of agro-chemicals in China are compared to worldwide averages from the Ecoinvent database, and the UEVs for several chemicals are also compared to previous estimates from published emergy literature

Detecting time-fragmented cache attacks against AES using Performance Monitoring Counters

Cache timing attacks use shared caches in multi-core processors as side channels to extract information from victim processes. These attacks are particularly dangerous in cloud infrastructures, in which the deployed countermeasures cause collateral effects in terms of performance loss and increase in energy consumption. We propose to monitor the victim process using an independent monitoring (detector) process, that continuously measures selected Performance Monitoring Counters (PMC) to detect the presence of an attack. Ad-hoc countermeasures can be applied only when such a risky situation arises. In our case, the victim process is the AES encryption algorithm and the attack is performed by means of random encryption requests. We demonstrate that PMCs are a feasible tool to detect the attack and that sampling PMCs at high frequencies is worse than sampling at lower frequencies in terms of detection capabilities, particularly when the attack is fragmented in time to try to be hidden from detection

Design and analysis of novel asymmetric-stator-pole flux reversal PM machine

This paper proposes a novel flux reversal permanent magnet (FRPM) machine with asymmetric-stator-pole (ASP) configuration. Different from the conventional FRPM machine with uniform “NS-NS-NS” PM sequence, the proposed ASP-FRPM machine is characterized by a “NSN-S-NSN” magnet arrangement. Hence, the interpolar flux leakage is significantly reduced with the developed design, which can improve the torque capability. The machine topologies, features and operating principle are introduced, respectively. A simplified magnetic circuit model is established to reveal the underlying flux leakage reduction mechanism of the ASP design, and the rotor pole number is analytically optimized as well. The design parameters are then globally optimized so as to improve the torque quality. In addition, the electromagnetic characteristics of the ASP- and conventional FRPM machines are compared. Finally, experiments have been carried out to validate the theoretical results

Spatial patterns and drivers of angiosperm sexual systems in China differ between woody and herbaceous species

Plant sexual systems play an important role in the evolution of angiosperm diversity. However, large-scale patterns in the frequencies of sexual systems (i.e. dioecy, monoecy, and hermaphroditism) and their drivers for species with different growth forms remain poorly known. Here, using a newly compiled database on the sexual systems and distributions of 19780 angiosperm species in China, we map the large-scale geographical patterns in frequencies of the sexual systems of woody and herbaceous species separately. We use these data to test the following two hypotheses: (1) the prevalence of sexual systems differs between woody and herbaceous assemblies because woody plants have taller canopies and are found in warm and humid climates; (2) the relative contributions of different drivers (specifically climate, evolutionary age, and mature plant height) to these patterns differ between woody and herbaceous species. We show that geographical patterns in proportions of different sexual systems (especially dioecy) differ between woody and herbaceous species. Geographical variations in sexual systems of woody species were influenced by climate, evolutionary age and plant height. In contrast, these have only weakly significant effects on the patterns of sexual systems of herbaceous species. We suggest that differences between species with woody and herbaceous growth forms in terms of biogeographic patterns of sexual systems, and their drivers, may reflect their differences in physiological and ecological adaptions, as well as the coevolution of sexual system with vegetative traits in response to environmental changes

Towards Gradient-Based Design Optimization of Flexible Transport Aircraft with Flutter Constraints

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140443/1/6.2014-2726.pd