Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review

Pesquisas realizadas durante os últimos 20 anos sugerem que a qualidade da relação entre pais e adolescentes tem obtido impacto significante no desenvolvimento de comportamentos de risco a saúde dos adolescentes. A finalidade deste estudo é apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos publicados entre o ano de 1996 e 2007, que analisam relações especificas entre modelos de pais e seis principais comportamentos de risco em adolescentes. Os adolescentes crescidos sob disciplina autoritária demonstraram consistentemente mais comportamentos seguros e menos comportamentos de risco comparados a adolescentes vindos de famílias não autoritárias. O modelo dos pais e comportamentos relacionados a afetividade, comunicação familiar e práticas disciplinares, predizem importantes mediadores na formação do adolescente, incluindo o desenvolvimento acadêmico e o ajuste psico-social. Avaliações cuidadosas de modelos padrões de pais em diversas populações, será uma próxima etapa crítica no desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes e culturalmente adaptadas, na promoção de saúde a adolescentes.Resultados de investigaciones realizadas durante los últimos 20 años muestran que la calidad en las relaciones entre padres e hijos ha provocado un impacto significativo en el desarrollo de comportamientos de riesgo para la salud del adolescente. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar una revisión bibliográfica de estudios publicados entre 1996-2007, analizando relaciones específicas entre los tipos de padres y los seis principales comportamientos de riesgo en adolescentes. Adolescentes criados bajo una disciplina autoritaria muestran comportamientos más seguros y menores comportamientos de riesgo al ser comparados con adolescentes que provienen de familias poco autoritarias. El tipo paternal y comportamientos relacionados con la afectividad, comunicación familiar y disciplina predicen importantes mediadores para la formación del adolescente, incluyendo desarrollo académico y adaptación psico-social. Cuidadosas evaluaciones sobre los tipos de padres estándar en poblaciones diversas será una próxima etapa crítica para el desarrollo de intervenciones eficaces y adaptadas culturalmente para la promoción de la salud del adolescente.Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions

Passive sampling: partition coefficients for a silicone rubber reference phase.

Silicone rubber sheeting can be used as a passive sampling device for hydrophobic organic contaminants in the environment to determine the available concentrations in water and sediments. Reliable sampler-water partition coefficients are required to determine the sampling rates and the dissolved contaminant concentrations in water and in sediment pore water. Log partition coefficients (logKsr,w) for silicone rubber-water have been estimated for 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 2 deuterated PAH analogues and 32 chlorobiphenyls (CBs) using the cosolvent method, with methanol as cosolvent. Strong linear relationships were found with literature values for the corresponding log octanol-water partition coefficients (logKow) for both CBs and PAHs, confirming that partitioning into the silicone rubber is strongly determined by the hydrophobicity of the compounds, which suggests logKow is a good predictor of logKsr,w and that absorption is the main mechanism for accumulation of analytes into the silicone rubber polymer

Healthier choices in an Australian health service : a pre-post audit of an intervention to improve the nutritional value of foods and drinks in vending machines and food outlets

Background: Vending machines and shops located within health care facilities are a source of food and drinks for staff, visitors and outpatients and they have the potential to promote healthy food and drink choices. This paper describes perceptions of parents and managers of health-service located food outlets towards the availability and labelling of healthier food options and the food and drinks offered for sale in health care facilities in Australia. It also describes the impact of an intervention to improve availability and labelling of healthier foods and drinks for sale. Methods: Parents (n = 168) and food outlet managers (n = 17) were surveyed. Food and drinks for sale in health-service operated food outlets (n = 5) and vending machines (n = 90) in health care facilities in the Hunter New England region of NSW were audited pre (2007) and post (2010/11) the introduction of policy and associated support to increase the availability of healthier choices. A traffic light system was used to classify foods from least (red) to most healthy choices (green). Results: Almost all (95%) parents and most (65%) food outlet managers thought food outlets on health service sites should have signs clearly showing healthy choices. Parents (90%) also thought all food outlets on health service sites should provide mostly healthy items compared to 47% of managers. The proportion of healthier beverage slots in vending machines increased from 29% to 51% at follow-up and the proportion of machines that labelled healthier drinks increased from 0 to 26%. No outlets labelled healthier items at baseline compared to 4 out of 5 after the intervention. No changes were observed in the availability or labelling of healthier food in vending machines or the availability of healthier food or drinks in food outlets. Conclusions: Baseline availability and labelling of healthier food and beverage choices for sale in health care facilities was poor in spite of the support of parents and outlet managers for such initiatives. The intervention encouraged improvements in the availability and labelling of healthier drinks but not foods in vending machines

Diversity within the adenovirus fiber knob hypervariable loops influences primary receptor interactions

Adenovirus based vectors are of increasing importance for wide ranging therapeutic applications. As vaccines, vectors derived from human adenovirus species D serotypes 26 and 48 (HAdV-D26/48) are demonstrating promising efficacy as protective platforms against infectious diseases. Significant clinical progress has been made, yet definitive studies underpinning mechanisms of entry, infection, and receptor usage are currently lacking. Here, we perform structural and biological analysis of the receptor binding fiber-knob protein of HAdV-D26/48, reporting crystal structures, and modelling putative interactions with two previously suggested attachment receptors, CD46 and Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). We provide evidence of a low affinity interaction with CAR, with modelling suggesting affinity is attenuated through extended, semi-flexible loop structures, providing steric hindrance. Conversely, in silico and in vitro experiments are unable to provide evidence of interaction between HAdV-D26/48 fiber-knob with CD46, or with Desmoglein 2. Our findings provide insight into the cell-virus interactions of HAdV-D26/48, with important implications for the design and engineering of optimised Ad-based therapeutics

A Path Analysis of Latino Parental, Teenager and Cultural Variables in Teenagers' Sexual Attitudes, Norms, Self-Efficacy, and Sexual Intentions

;;OBJETIVO:;; testar um modelo teórico com base na Expansão Parental da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado, examinando a relação entre pais selecionados, adolescentes e variáveis culturais e as intenções dos jovens latinos ao se envolverem com comportamento sexual.;;;;MÉTODO:;; um design correlacional de corte transversal baseado em uma análise de dados secundários de 130 pares de pais e adolescentes latinos.;;;;RESULTADOS:;; procedimentos de regressão e de análise de trajetória foram usados para testar sete hipóteses e os resultados demonstraram um apoio parcial para o modelo. O familismo parental e o conhecimento sobre sexo foram significativamente associados com as atitudes dos pais em relação a comunicação sexual com seus filhos. A aculturação dos pais latinos foi negativamente relacionada com sua auto-eficácia na comunicação sexual com os adolescentes e positivamente relacionada com suas normas subjetivas na comunicação sexual com os jovens. O conhecimento do adolescente sobre sexo foi consideravelmente associado com os mais altos níveis de suas atitudes e normas subjetivas sobre a comunicação sexual com seus pais. Apenas o preditor das atitudes dos adolescentes sobre ter relações sexuais nos próximos três meses foi significativamente associado com as intenções dos adolescentes em ter relações sexuais nos próximos 3 meses..;;;;CONCLUSÃO:;; os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações importantes para guiar pesquisas futuras que possam informar o desenvolvimento de intervenções para prevenir o comportamento sexual arriscado de adolescentes entre os latinos.;;;;OBJETIVO:;; poner a prueba un modelo teórico basado en " Parent-Based Expansion " y con base en la teoría del comportamiento planificado para examinar la relación entre los padres seleccionados, adolescente y variables culturales, como también en las intenciones de los adolescentes latinos a participar en el comportamiento sexual.;;;;MÉTODO:;; un diseño correlacional transversal basado en un análisis de datos secundarios de 130 padres latinos y sus diadas adolescentes.;;;;RESULTADOS:;; regresión y procedimientos de análisis camino se utilizaron para probar siete hipótesis y los resultados demostraron un apoyo parcial para el modelo. El familismo y el conocimiento sobre el sexo de padres se asociaron significativamente con las actitudes de los padres hacia la comunicación sexual con sus hijos adolescentes. La aculturación de los padres latinos fue negativamente asociada con la autoeficacia los padres hacia la comunicación sexual con los adolescentes y alteran asociados a normas subjetivas de los padres hacia la comunicación sexual con los adolescentes. Conocimiento del adolescente sobre el sexo fue significativamente asociado con niveles más altos de las actitudes y normas subjetivas acerca de la comunicación sexual con padres adolescentes. Sólo el predictor de actitudes de los adolescentes teniendo sexo en los próximos 3 meses se asoció significativamente con la intención de adolescentes tiene relaciones sexuales durante los próximos 3 meses.;;;;CONCLUSIÓN:;; los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información importante para orientar la investigación futura que puede informar al desarrollo de intervenciones para prevenir comportamiento sexual de riesgo entre los adolescentes latinos.;;;;OBJECTIVE:;; to test a theoretical model based on the Parent-Based Expansion of the Theory of Planned Behavior examining relation between selected parental, teenager and cultural variables and Latino teenagers' intentions to engage in sexual behavior.;;;;METHOD:;; a cross-sectional correlational design based on a secondary data analysis of 130 Latino parent and teenager dyads.;;;;RESULTS:;; regression and path analysis procedures were used to test seven hypotheses and the results demonstrated partial support for the model. Parent familism and knowledge about sex were significantly associated with parents' attitudes toward sexual communication with their teenagers. Parent Latino acculturation was negatively associated with parents' self-efficacy toward sexual communication with their teenagers and positevely associated with parents' subjective norms toward sexual communication with their teenagers. Teenager knowledge about sex was significantly associated with higher levels of teenagers' attitudes and subjective norms about sexual communication with parents. Only the predictor of teenagers' attitudes toward having sex in the next 3 months was significantly associated with teenagers' intentions to have sex in the next 3 months.;;;;CONCLUSION:;; the results of this study provide important information to guide future research that can inform development of interventions to prevent risky teenager sexual behavior among Latinos.;

The Physical Activity 4 Everyone Cluster Randomized Trial : 2-Year Outcomes of a School Physical Activity Intervention Among Adolescents

Acknowledgments The Physical Activity 4 Everyone intervention trial was funded by the New South Wales Ministry of Health through the New South Wales Health Promotion Demonstration Research Grants Scheme and conducted by Hunter New England Population Health (a unit of the Hunter New England Local Health District), in collaboration with the University of Newcastle and University of Wollongong. Infrastructure support was provided by Hunter Medical Research Institute. The research team acknowledges the importance of making research data publically available. Access to the accelerometer data from this study may be made available to external collaborators following the development of data transfer agreements. Further results arising from the study can be found at www.goodforkids.nsw.gov.au/high-schools/. No financial disclosures were reported by the authors of this paper.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Genome Sequence Conservation of Hendra Virus Isolates during Spillover to Horses, Australia

Bat-to-horse transmission of Hendra virus has occurred at least 14 times. Although clinical signs in horses have differed, genome sequencing has demonstrated little variation among the isolates. Our sequencing of 5 isolates from recent Hendra virus outbreaks in horses found no correlation between sequences and time or geographic location of outbreaks