Conflicting Values or Common Ground? : Some Concluding Thoughts

Peer reviewe

Foundations of Collective Cultural Rights in International Human Rights Law

Although collective cultural rights are included in international human rights law, their precise place and their nature and significance are not well-explored or understood. This paper aims to show where collective cultural rights can be found in international human rights law and explore how these rights fit in the general body and framework of international human rights law. The starting point in this chapter is international human rights law, which implies that the analysis of collective cultural rights is framed by positive law and international legal instruments, such as treaties and conventions, as well as by soft law instruments, such as declarations, recommendations and resolutions. In this paper, the two categories of collective rights and cultural rights are defined, drawing a distinction between a) different types of collective rights, including rights for collectivities as such, rights for individuals as members of collectivities, and rights with a collective interest or object; and b) between different types of cultural rights, including rights that explicitly refer to ‘culture’ and rights that relate to culture or have a cultural dimension. This paper furthermore analyses various contentious issues surrounding collective rights and cultural rights in international human rights law, including the lack of clarity on the object and subject of these rights. The paper then outlines the different forms of collective cultural rights in international human rights law, by providing examples of legal provisions in international human rights law that can be classified as collective cultural rights. Finally, the paper elaborates on how collective subjects and collective cultural interests are integrated in international human rights law and analyses how and to what extent collective cultural rights provisions provide answers to the above-noted issues

Introduction: Cultural Heritage Law and the Quest for Human Identities

The chapter gives an introduction to the rationale of international cultural heritage law. Whereas the frequently used notion of “cultural property” hints on the commercial relevance of cultural goods, “cultural heritage” designates human expressions that constitute the identities of groups and communities. Cultural heritage may be tangible like monuments and paintings or intangible like languages, religious beliefs, or fashion. UNESCO has adopted a series of conventions for the protection of cultural heritage, ranging from the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict to the 2005 Convention on Cultural Diversity. An analysis of these conventions and other international documents shows that, beyond questions of private property law, cultural goods may be attributed to the group where they have been created or to the community where they are located or even to humanity as a whole. Construed in a static way, cultural heritage, which constitutes a given group or community, may be used in order to exclude those who do not belong to the same group or community. Under a dynamic concept, which recognizes the inspiring potential of cultural diversity, by contrast, multiple, multilayered, and contextual identities may be conceived

Implementation of Software for RC Radio

This document deals with the control software for professional Model-radio transmitter. The aim of the thesis is to design a functional solution that would satisfy the requirements of existing aircraft modelers (and others), thus to compete against other manufacturers of radio sets. In the following pages there is presented the design and implementation of user interface with regard to functionality and clarity, then the basic algorithms for driving aircraft models are explored. As a result of those findings the control software is implemented for an embedded device using the supplied hardware components