Evaluación de fibra dietética, isoflavonas y compuestos fenólicos con propiedades antioxidantes y antimicrobianas de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The consumption of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been steadily increasing due to its high nutritional value and health benefits associated with its high antioxidant capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the contents of dietary fiber, polyphenols, flavonoids and isoflavones, and how they contribute to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six ecotypes of quinoa cultivated in three different zones of Chile. The ecotypes studied were: Ancovinto and Cancosa (Northern zone), Cáhuil and Faro (Central zone), and Regalona and Villarrica (Southern zone). The results indicate that all Chilean quinoa ecotypes could be considered as good sources of dietary fiber (12.23 g 100 g-1 dry matter) and polyphenols (161.32 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) 100 g-1 dry matter). The North and Central ecotypes exhibited the highest isoflavone concentration. The Northern Cancosa was the ecotype that showed the highest flavonoid content (211.06 mg Catechin Equivalents (CAE) 100 g-1 dry matter). Based on the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assay, Ancovinto, Cancosa and Faro presented the highest antioxidant capacity (67.6 mmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) 100 g-1 dry matter). Regarding antimicrobial activity, Regalona ecotype showed the best performance against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Listeria innocua. The bioactive compounds found in this study add new knowledge to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chilean quinoa seeds.El consumo de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) está aumentando debido a su valor nutricional y beneficios para la salud relacionados con su capacidad antioxidante. El objetivo de presente estudio fue determinar los contenidos de fibra dietética, polifenoles, flavonoides e isoflavonas, y cómo estos compuestos contribuyen a la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de seis ecotipos de quinua cultivados en tres zonas de Chile. Las muestras de quinua de la zona Norte se denominan Ancovinto y Cancosa, de la zona Centro se llaman Cáhuil y Faro, y de la zona Sur se denominan Regalona y Villarrica. Los resultados mostraron que todos los ecotipos de quinua chilena pueden considerarse buena fuente de fibra dietética (12,23 g 100 g-1 materia seca) y de polifenoles (161,32 mg de Equivalentes de Acido Gálico (EAG) 100 g-1 materia seca). Los ecotipos de la zona Norte y Centro mostraron la mayor concentración de isoflavonas. El ecotipo Cancosa, de la zona Norte, fue el que mostró el mayor contenido de flavonoides (211,06 mg Equivalentes de Catequina (ECA) 100 g-1 materia seca). Basado en el ensayo ORAC (del inglés Oxigen Radical Absorbance Capacity), los ecotipos Ancovinto, Cancosa y Faro, presentaron en promedio la mayor capacidad antioxidante (67,6 mmol de Equivalentes Trolox (ET) 100 g-1 materia seca). El ecotipo Regalona mostró la más alta actividad antimicrobiana frente a Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Listeria innocua. Los compuestos bioactivos encontrados en este estudio aportan nuevos conocimientos a la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de las semillas de quinua chilena.Fil: Vega Gálvez, Antonio. Universidad de La Serena; ChileFil: Zura, Liliana. Universidad de La Serena; ChileFil: Lutz, Mariane. Universidad de Vlparaíso; ChileFil: Jagus, Rosa Juana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long"; ArgentinaFil: Agüero, Maria Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long"; ArgentinaFil: Pastén, Alexis. Universidad de La Serena; ChileFil: Di Scala, Karina Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Uribe, Elsa. Universidad de La Serena; Chil

Pre-harvest rot of pear fruit Golden Russet Bosc caused by Phytophthora lacustris and Phytophthora drechsleri in Argentina

Phytophthora lacustris and P. drechsleri are report- ed causing a fruit rot of pear (Pyrus communis) Golden Russet Bosc in Argentina. The oomycetes were isolated from devel-oping brown rots of fruit observed pre-harvest. Phytophthora lacustris and P. drechsleri were identified on the basis of mor- phology and molecular identification using the ITS region ofribosomal DNA and confirmed as the causal agent by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Phytophthora drechsleri was reported on pear in Argentina for the first time.Fil: Lutz, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Sosa, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

A new improved strategy for the selection of cold-adapted antagonist yeasts to control postharvest pear diseases

Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses of harvested fruits during transportation and storage. Many yeast species have been reported as good antagonists against postharvest pear pathogens. In this work, we used a novel selection strategy that involves the isolation of yeasts from washing fluids, showing biocontrol activity against a regional Penicillium expansum strain (primary screening), originally obtained from fruit wounds after long time storage at 1/08C. About 26 isolates representative of the 11 yeast species identified in the 27 selected washing waters were chosen to be evaluated in a secondary screening against a regional Botrytis cinerea strain on pear wounds. Among yeasts tested, 38% showed complete control of P. expansum, but only 15% reduced the decay incidence of B. cinerea to 60 80% at 1/08C. These results reveal that some of the yeasts found can be biological alternatives to fungicides in the control of P. expansum and B. cinerea infections. Based on the data obtained, our strategy seems to be much more effective than the previously reported methods in obtaining successful biocontrol agents.Fil: Lutz, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Lopes, Christian A. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Sosa, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Sangorrín, Marcela P. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina

The Differential Association between Alexithymia and Primary versus Secondary Psychopathy

Using a sample of 104 college students, this study tested the hypothesis that alexithymia is positively related to secondary (also known as “neurotic psychopathy”), but not primary psychopathy (i.e., inability to form emotional bonds with others and a fear insensitivity). Participants completed the TAS-20 (alexithymia), the LSRP (primary and secondary psychopathy), the PPI-R (psychopathy), and the trait version of the STAI (trait anxiety). The interaction between the latter two measures was used as a second index of primary and secondary psychopathy. Support was found for the study hypothesis with both methods of assessing psychopathy (i.e., the LSRP subscales or the combination of the PPI-R and the STAI). These results further our understanding of both alexithymia and psychopathy. Highlights: * We hypothesized that alexithymia would be related to secondary psychopathy. * We hypothesized that alexithymia would not be related to primary psychopathy. * Support for these hypotheses was used with two different ways of operationalizing psychopathy. * Primary psychopathy was correlated with “externally oriented thinking

Yeast biocontrol of fungal spoilage of pears stored at low temperature

To reduce the use of fungicides, biological control with yeasts has been proposed in postharvest pears. Most studies of antagonists selection have been carried out at room temperature. However, in regions like North Patagonia where fruits are stored at − 1/0 °C during 5–7 months the selection of potential antagonist agents must be carried out at low temperature. In this study, 75 yeast cultures were isolated from healthy pears from two Patagonian cold-storage packinghouses. Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus difluens, Pichia membranifaciens, Pichia philogaea, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast species were identified. Additionally, 13 indigenous isolates of Penicillium expansum and 10 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were obtained from diseased pears, characterized by aggressiveness and tested for sensitivity to postharvest fungicides. The yeasts were pre-selected for their ability to grow at low temperature. In a first biocontrol assay using the most aggressive and the most sensitive isolate of each pathogen, two epiphytic isolates of A. pullulans and R. mucilaginosa were the most promising isolates to be used as biocontrol agents. They reduced the decay incidence by P. expansum to 33% and the lesion diameter in 88% after 60 days of incubation in cold. Foreign commercial yeast used as a reference in assays, only reduced 30% of lesion diameter in the same conditions. Yeasts were not able to reduce the incidence of B. cinerea decay. The control activity of the best two yeasts was compared with the control caused by the fungicides in a second bioassay, obtaining higher levels of protection against P. expansum by the yeasts. These two regional yeasts isolates could be promising tools for the future development of commercial products for biological control.Fil: Sosa, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Lutz, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Fruit Rot Caused by Phytophthora sp. in Cold-Stored Pears in the Valley of Rio Negro and Neuquén, Argentina

Pear fruit conservation for long periods is associated with postharvest fungal diseases. In Argentina, the most important and widespread diseases are caused by Penicillium spp. and Botrytis cinerea, followed by Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium sp. and Athelia epiphylla. The last one can be important depending on the fruit-lot. This study reports the presence of one Oomycete, as the cause of pear fruit rot in postharvest. In 2010, during the first months of conservation of ‘Williams’, ‘Packham’s Triumph’ and ‘Red Bartlet’ pears, in cold storage, in the eastern area of Alto Valle of Río Negro, fruit decay was recorded with losses between 5 and 20%, according to fruit-lot. Symptoms of decay were studied and its ethiology was determined using conventional and molecular methods. Fruit started showing circular, light to dark brown areas with irregular and diffuse margins that spread rapidly. The decayed area remained firm. The lesion diameter increased and it extended to pulp tissue to reach fruit core with a hyperbolic shape, different from the spherical shape caused by Penicillium spp. or Botrytis sp. The pathogen was isolated in V8 agar selective medium from pears with symptoms. By morphologic characteristics (colony and sporangia) of isolates, its association with clade 6 of Phytophthora was determined. The identification of isolates was confirmed by direct sequencing of the ITS rDNA region using DC6 and ITS4 primers. The nucleotide sequence showed 100% of similarity (745/745 pb) with sequences available in GenBank and was identified as an undescribed species inside P. gonapodyides- P. megasperma Clade 6. This is the first report of a new Phytophthora in postharvest pears.La conservación del fruto de pera por períodos prolongados se asocia con enfermedades fúngicas poscosecha. En Argentina las enfermedades más importantes y extendidas son causadas por Penicillium spp. y Botrytis cinerea , seguida de Alternaria sp. y Cladosporium sp. y Athelia epiphylla . Este último puede ser importante dependiendo del lote de fruta. Este estudio reporta la presencia de un Oomiceto, como causante de la pudrición del fruto de pera en poscosecha. En 2010, durante los primeros meses de conservación de peras 'Williams', 'Packham's Triumph' y 'Red Bartlet', en cámaras frigoríficas, en la zona oriental del Alto Valle de Río Negro, se registró pudrición de frutos con pérdidas entre 5 y 20 %, según lote de fruto. Se estudiaron los síntomas de la descomposición y se determinó su etiología mediante métodos convencionales y moleculares. Los frutos comenzaron a mostrar áreas circulares, de color marrón claro a oscuro, con márgenes irregulares y difusos que se extendieron rápidamente. La zona deteriorada se mantuvo firme. El diámetro de la lesión aumentó y se extendió al tejido pulpar hasta llegar al corazón del fruto con forma hiperbólica, diferente a la forma esférica causada por Penicillium spp. o Botrytis sp. El patógeno se aisló en medio selectivo agar V8 de peras con síntomas. Por características morfológicas (colonia y esporangios) de los aislados se determinó su asociación con el clado 6 de Phytophthora . La identificación de los aislados se confirmó mediante secuenciación directa de la región ITS rDNA utilizando cebadores DC6 e ITS4. La secuencia de nucleótidos mostró 100% de similitud (745/745 pb) con secuencias disponibles en GenBank y fue identificada como una especie no descrita dentro de P. gonapodyides - P. megasperma Clado 6. Este es el primer reporte de una nueva Phytophthora en peras poscosecha.Fil: Dobra, Alicia Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Sosa, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Lutz, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Rodriguez, Gustavo. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Early infections by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. and their relationship with postharvest rot in d’anjou pear

Las podredumbres en postcosecha por heridas en frutos han sido ampliamente estudiadas, pero existe escasa información sobre aquellas producidas por infecciones latentes. Botrytis cinerea y Alternaria spp. producen infecciones en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de pera cv. “d’Anjou”, ocasionando importantes pérdidas en el Alto Valle de Río Negro, Argentina. Los objetivos de la investigación incluyeron la evaluación de la susceptibilidad de los órganos florales/frutos a infecciones producidas por la inoculación artificial (ILA) de B. cinerea y A. alternata, la evaluación de la ocurrencia natural de infecciones fúngicas latentes (ILN) durante el desarrollo y crecimiento del fruto, y el estudio de la relación entre infecciones latentes tempranas (por B. cinerea y A. alternata) y la incidencia de pudriciones y mohos en el cáliz y pedúnculo del fruto, y las características fisiológicas del fruto durante la conservación frigorífica. El estudio se realizó en un monte comercial de pera cv. “d’Anjou” en las temporadas 2018/19 y 2019/20. Se evaluó la ocurrencia de ILN por ambos patógenos en plena flor (PF), caída de pétalos (CP), 30 días de plena flor (DPF), 60 DPF y 120 DPF (pre-cosecha), y la susceptibilidad de los diferentes órganos desde PF a 60 DPF. La frecuencia de ILN y ILA se determinó por disección y aislamiento in vitro. Las condiciones de la fruta, incidencia de mohos y podredumbres, e ILN se estudiaron hasta 120 días de conservación y 7 días en anaquel. A pesar de la variabilidad entre temporadas, se presentaron infecciones por los hongos estudiados en PF y CP, siendo severas en cáliz y pedúnculo 60 y 120 DPF. En postcosecha, las ILN fueron altas. Sin embargo, las podredumbres calicinales por B. cinerea no superaron el 2,5% en la temporada con precipitaciones y alta HR durante la primavera. Además, hubo 0,5% de podredumbres por Alternaria en fruta y un incremento significativo del moho en pedúnculo desde los 90 días de conservación. En este momento, se observó una reducción significativa del contenido relativo de agua y la firmeza de los frutos.Postharvest rot of fruit due to injury has been extensively studied, but there is scarce information about rot caused by latent infections. Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. produce infections at early stages of fruit development of pear cv. 'd'Anjou', causing significant losses in the Alto Valle de Río Negro, Argentina. Research objectives have included evaluation of the susceptibility of floral organs/fruits to infections produced by the artificial inoculation (ALI) of B. cinerea and A. alternata, evaluation of the occurrence of natural latent fungal infections (NLI) during fruit development and growth, and study of the relationship between early latent infections by B. cinerea and Alternaria spp. on the incidence of rot and mold in the fruit calyx and stem, and the physiological characteristics of the fruit during cold storage. The study was conducted in a commercial 'd'Anjou' pear orchard during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The occurrence of NLI was determined at full blossom (FB), petal fall (PF), 30 days after full blossom (DFB), 60 DFB and 120 DFB (pre-harvest), while susceptibility of the different organs was evaluated from FB to 60 DFB. Frequency of NLI and ALI was determined by dissection and in vitro isolation. The postharvest physiological conditions of the fruit, incidence of NLI, and incidence of mold and rot were studied up to 120 days of cold storage and after 7 days of shelf life. Despite the variability between seasons, fungal infections occurred at FB and PF, being severe in the calix and stem at 60 and 120 DFB. NLI had a high incidence at postharvest. However, calix-end rot by B. cinerea did not exceed 2.5% in the season with precipitations and high RH during spring. In addition, Alternaria rot reached 0.5%, while stem mold increased significantly after 90 days of cold storage. At this moment, fruit significantly reduced its relative water content and firmness.Fil: Basso, Carla Nahir. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología Aplicada. Cátedra de Fitopatología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue | Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue; ArgentinaFil: Sosa, María Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue | Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología Aplicada. Cátedra de Fitopatología; ArgentinaFil: Lutz, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue | Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología Aplicada. Cátedra de Fitopatología; Argentin

Diversity of carabids (order: coleoptera) and spiders (class: arachnida) in bt and conventional corn crops in the center of the province of Santa Fé, Argentina

El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar y comparar la diversidad de artrópodos benéficos de suelo de Coleopteros carabidae y del Orden Araneae, en cultivos de maíces Bt y convencionales. Anualmente se sembraron dos lotes de 1 ha, uno con maíz Bt y otro con maíz convencional, en la localidad de Pujato Norte, departamento Las Colonias, Santa Fe, Argentina, durante cinco campañas agrícolas (2005-2010). Para la captura de los artrópodos se utilizaron trampas de caída Pitfall, a razón de cuatro por lote. Los recuentos fueron semanales, desde la siembra hasta la cosecha. Se estimaron los siguientes índices ecológicos: abundancia relativa, diversidad de especies, equidad de Shannon, y se calculó el índice de Bray y Curtis para comparar las poblaciones de los dos cultivos. Las comparaciones se evaluaron mediante test no paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para datos apareados. No se hallaron diferencias en la diversidad ni en la abundancia de las especies de Carabidae y Araneae, ni en otras familias de artrópodos benéficos de suelo.The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the diversity of beneficial soil arthropods of Coleopteros carabidae and of the Araneae order, in conventional and Bt corn crops. Two plots of 1 ha were planted annually, one with Bt corn and another with conventional corn, in the town of Pujato Norte, department Las Colonias, Santa Fe, Argentina, between 2005 and 2010. Pitfall traps were used to capture arthropods at a capture rate of four per batch. Counts were conducted on weekly basis from sowing to harvest. The following ecological indices were estimated: relative abundance, species diversity and Shannon equity, while the Bray and Curtis index was calculated to compare the populations of the two crops. The comparisons were evaluated by a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for paired data. No differences were found in the diversity or abundance of the Carabidae and Araneae species, or in other families of beneficial soil arthropods.Fil: Curis, Maria Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Bertolaccini, Isabel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Lutz, Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Trod, María Amalia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin

Characterization of Structural Defects in (Cd,Zn)Te Crystals Grown by the Travelling Heater Method

Structural defects and compositional uniformity remain the major problems affecting the performance of (Cd, Zn)Te (CZT) based detector devices. Understanding the mechanism of growth and defect formation is therefore fundamental to improving the crystal quality. In this frame, space experiments for the growth of CZT by the Travelling Heater Method (THM) under microgravity are scheduled. A detailed ground-based program was performed to determine experimental parameters and three CZT crystals were grown by the THM. The structural defects, compositional homogeneity and resistivity of these ground-based crystals were investigated. A ZnTe content variation was observed at the growth interface and a high degree of stress associated with extensive dislocation networks was induced, which propagated into the grown crystal region according to the birefringence and X-ray White Beam Topography (XWBT) results. By adjusting the growth parameters, the ZnTe variations and the resulting stress were efficiently reduced. In addition, it was revealed that large inclusions and grain boundaries can generate a high degree of stress, leading to the formation of dislocation slip bands and subgrain boundaries. The dominant defects, including grain boundaries, dislocation networks and cracks in the interior of crystals, led to the resistivity variation in the crystals. The bulk resistivity of the as-grown crystals ranged from 109 Ωcm to 1010 Ωcm

A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area.

Data from recent studies support the hypothesis that infections by human gastrointestinal (GI) helminths impact, directly and/or indirectly, on the composition of the host gut microbial flora. However, to the best of our knowledge, these studies have been conducted in helminth-endemic areas with multi-helminth infections and/or in volunteers with underlying gut disorders. Therefore, in this study, we explore the impact of natural mono-infections by the human parasite Strongyloides stercoralis on the faecal microbiota and metabolic profiles of a cohort of human volunteers from a non-endemic area of northern Italy (S+), pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment, and compare the findings with data obtained from a cohort of uninfected controls from the same geographical area (S-). Analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing data revealed increased microbial alpha diversity and decreased beta diversity in the faecal microbial profiles of S+ subjects compared to S-. Furthermore, significant differences in the abundance of several bacterial taxa were observed between samples from S+ and S- subjects, and between S+ samples collected pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment. Faecal metabolite analysis detected marked increases in the abundance of selected amino acids in S+ subjects, and of short chain fatty acids in S- subjects. Overall, our work adds valuable knowledge to current understanding of parasite-microbiota associations and will assist future mechanistic studies aimed to unravel the causality of these relationships