Phase-coherent transport in InN nanowires of various sizes

We investigate phase-coherent transport in InN nanowires of various diameters and lengths. The nanowires were grown by means of plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Information on the phase-coherent transport is gained by analyzing the characteristic fluctuation pattern in the magneto-conductance. For a magnetic field oriented parallel to the wire axis we found that the correlation field mainly depends on the wire cross section, while the fluctuation amplitude is governed by the wire length. In contrast, if the magnetic field is oriented perpendicularly, for wires longer than approximately 200 nm the correlation field is limited by the phase coherence length. Further insight into the orientation dependence of the correlation field is gained by measuring the conductance fluctuations at various tilt angles of the magnetic field.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

A compact modular multilevel DC-DC converter for high step-ratio MV and HV use

In multi-terminal dc networks or future dc grids, there is an important role for high step-ratio dc-dc conversion to interface a high voltage network to lower voltage infeeds or offtakes. The efficiency and controllability of dc-dc conversion will be expected to be similar to modular multi-level ac-dc converters. This paper presents a modular multilevel dc-dc converter with a high step-ratio for medium voltage and high voltage applications. Its topology on high-voltage side is derived from the half-bridge single-phase inverter with stacks of sub-modules replacing each of the switch positions. A near-square-wave current operation is proposed which achieves near-constant instantaneous power for single-phase conversion, leading to reduced stack capacitor and filter volume and also increased the power device utilization. A controller for energy balancing and current tracking is designed. The soft-switching operation on the low-voltage side is demonstrated. The high step-ratio is accomplished by combination of inherent half-bridge ratio, sub-module stack modulation and transformer turns-ratio, which also offers flexibility to satisfy wide-range conversion requirement. The theoretical analysis of this converter is verified by simulation of a full-scale 40MW, 200 kV converter with 146 sub-modules and also through experimental testing of a down-scaled prototype at 4.5 kW, 1.5 kV with 18 sub-modules

Effects of environmental factors on development of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) apothecia on oilseed rape debris

Publication no. P-2001-0221-01R. This article is in the public domain and not copyrightable. It may be freely reprinted with customary crediting of the source. The American Phytopathological Society, 2001The development of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) apothecia was studied on petiole debris from artificially infected oilseed rape leaves incubated at temperatures from 6 to 22 degreesC under different wetness regimes and in 16 h light/8 h dark or continuous darkness. There was no significant difference between light treatments in numbers of apothecia that developed. Mature apothecia developed at temperatures from 5 to 18 degreesC but not at 22 degreesC. The rate of apothecial development decreased as temperature decreased from 18 to 5 degreesC; mature apothecia were first observed after 5 days at 18 degreesC and after 15 days at 6 degreesC. Models were fitted to estimates of the time (days) for 50% of the maximum number of apothecia to develop (t(1); model 1, t(1) = 7.6 + 55.8(0.839)(T)) and the time for 50% of the maximum number of apothecia to decay (t(2); model 2, t(2) = 24.2 + 387(0.730)(T)) at temperatures (T) from 6 to 18 degreesC. An interruption in wetness of the petiole debris for 4 days after 4, 7, or 10 days of wetness delayed the time to observation of the first mature apothecia for approximate to4 days and decreased the number of apothecia produced (by comparison with continuous wetness). A relationship was found between water content of pod debris and electrical resistance measured by a debris-wetness sensor. The differences between values of tl predicted by model 1 and observed values of t(1) were 1 to 9 days. Model 2 did not predict t(2); apothecia decayed more quickly under natural conditions than predicted by model 2.Peer reviewe

Averages of b-hadron Properties at the End of 2005

This article reports world averages for measurements on b-hadron properties obtained by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFAG) using the available results as of at the end of 2005. In the averaging, the input parameters used in the various analyses are adjusted (rescaled) to common values, and all known correlations are taken into account. The averages include lifetimes, neutral meson mixing parameters, parameters of semileptonic decays, branching fractions of B meson decays to final states with open charm, charmonium and no charm, and measurements related to CP asymmetries

Polar Smectic Films

We report on a new experimental procedure for forming and studying polar smectic liquid crystal films. A free standing smectic film is put in contact with a liquid drop, so that the film has one liquid crystal/liquid interface and one liquid crystal/air interface. This polar environment results in changes in the textures observed in the film, including a boojum texture and a previously unobserved spiral texture in which the winding direction of the spiral reverses at a finite radius from its center. Some aspects of these textures are explained by the presence of a Ksb term in the bulk elastic free energy density that favors a combination of splay and bend deformations.Comment: 4 pages, REVTeX, 3 figures, submitted to PR

Phylosophical and Constitusional Protection Towards Religion in Indonesia

Legal protection on religion is certainty for a state with Pancasila principle. The first principle the Divinity of the Only God has been spirit of the following points, as living guidance for Indonesian country. The believing of the Divinity of the Only God shows that the Indonesian Republic is religious based country by protecting freedom to have religion for its people. This regulation has implication in governmental circle, that the country makes Religion Ministry as one of ministries that its existence has the same position to other state institutions. The implementation of legal protection toward religion needs legitimating in the field of civil law, showed in issuing President Decree No. 1 of 1965 on the Preventing of Misuse and/or Religion Staining. The existence of this Decree in Old Order has been legitimated newly as a Law by issuing the Law No. 5 of 1969, thus the President Decree has been added to the Criminal Code, Act 156a

The lithospheric-to-lower-mantle carbon cycle recorded in superdeep diamonds

The transport of carbon into Earth’s mantle is a critical pathway in Earth’s carbon cycle, affecting both the climate and the redox conditions of the surface and mantle. The largest unconstrained variables in this cycle are the depths to which carbon in sediments and altered oceanic crust can be subducted and the relative contributions of these reservoirs to the sequestration of carbon in the deep mantle1. Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric, or ‘superdeep’, diamonds (derived from depths greater than 250 kilometres) can be used to constrain these variables. Here we present oxygen isotope measurements of mineral inclusions within diamonds from Kankan, Guinea that are derived from depths extending from the lithosphere to the lower mantle (greater than 660 kilometres). These data, combined with the carbon and nitrogen isotope contents of the diamonds, indicate that carbonated igneous oceanic crust, not sediment, is the primary carbon-bearing reservoir in slabs subducted to deep-lithospheric and transition-zone depths (less than 660 kilometres). Within this depth regime, sublithospheric inclusions are distinctly enriched in 18O relative to eclogitic lithospheric inclusions derived from crustal protoliths. The increased 18O content of these sublithospheric inclusions results from their crystallization from melts of carbonate-rich subducted oceanic crust. In contrast, lower-mantle mineral inclusions and their host diamonds (deeper than 660 kilometres) have a narrow range of isotopic values that are typical of mantle that has experienced little or no crustal interaction. Because carbon is hosted in metals, rather than in diamond, in the reduced, volatile-poor lower mantle2, carbon must be mobilized and concentrated to form lower-mantle diamonds. Our data support a model in which the hydration of the uppermost lower mantle by subducted oceanic lithosphere destabilizes carbon-bearing metals to form diamond, without disturbing the ambient-mantle stable-isotope signatures. This transition from carbonate slab melting in the transition zone to slab dehydration in the lower mantle supports a lower-mantle barrier for carbon subduction