20 research outputs found
Compréhension des mécanismes directs et indirects de résistance à la pourriture racinaire du pois causée par Aphanomyces euteiches : influence du choix variétal et de la cohorte microbienne associée.
Pea, well-adapted to the Normandy pedoclimatic context, represents an important nutritional source of plant proteins. At present, protein crops are among the promoting crops in view of their many agronomical, economic, and environmental interests. Despite their multiple advantages, the cultivation of protein peas is not as successful, mainly due to strong attacks by various phytopathology. The most damaging is pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches leading to a significant drop in yield and thus can penalize farmers. As there is no effective treatment to date, numerous focus researches are in progress to develop efficient control methods, which requires a holistic understanding of the pathobiome. In this thesis, studies were focused on the understanding of some direct and indirect resistance mechanisms of pea root rot caused by A. euteiches. The contribution of biotic factors in this disease were studied, specifically the influence of varietal genotype and its associated phytobiome, and so the establishment of multiple interactions with microorganisms. The comparative analysis of disease severity and induced architectural modifications, showed a differential expression according to their affiliation to winter or spring group. The two winter pea cultivars characterized by a high cold tolerance presented two features of interest: a delayed impact on aerial part despite significant root damage and an increased growth of root system in response to infection. In addition, the study of intra-nodule bacterial diversity in these same cultivars showed that the diversity of their nodule microbiome varies according to varietal genotype. This study highlighted the strong biocontrol potential of intra-nodule bacterial endophytes, with a higher relative abundance of known antagonistic bacterial genera towards A. euteiches for two winter pea cultivars. The varietal genotype therefore constitutes a direct and indirect lever by the establishment of interactions with beneficial microorganisms, to fight against pea root rot. The last research line has demonstrated the strong influence of plant cultivated species on the microbial associations in the rhizosphere, specifically a modulation of the assemblage of beneficial populations. Shaping the microbial community composition though the cultivation of crops to the benefit of the next crop represents an additional argument in favor of crop rotation use as a lever against phytopathology. Several interesting alternatives were highlighted in this research work to effectively and efficiently manage A. euteiches: at the cultivar scale, by specific characteristics in relation to varietiesâ genotype and their ability to select protective endophytes, and at the scale of crop rotation, by shaping microbiome in favor of pea. Great research perspectives are emerging, especially the efficiency of protection resulting from all potential isolated biocontrol agents, which would allow the development and implementation of beneficial consortia adapted to Normandy soils and to pea cultivars specificities.Le pois protĂ©agineux, dont la culture est bien adaptĂ©e au contexte pĂ©doclimatique normand, reprĂ©sente une source nutritive importante en protĂ©ines vĂ©gĂ©tales. A lâheure actuelle, les cultures protĂ©agineuses font partie des cultures dâavenir aux vues de leurs nombreux intĂ©rĂȘts agronomique, Ă©conomique et environnemental. MalgrĂ© ses multiples atouts, la culture du pois protĂ©agineux n'a pas autant de succĂšs, principalement en raison dâune forte atteinte par diverses phytopathologies, dont le plus prĂ©judiciable est la pourriture racinaire du pois causĂ©e par Aphanomyces euteiches. Les dĂ©gĂąts occasionnĂ©s peuvent conduire Ă une baisse importante du rendement et ainsi pĂ©naliser les agriculteurs. Ne disposant dâaucun traitement efficace Ă ce jour, il est donc important de focaliser les recherches sur le dĂ©veloppement de moyens de contrĂŽle, ce qui passe par une comprĂ©hension holistique du pathobiome. Dans cette thĂšse, les travaux se sont concentrĂ©s sur la comprĂ©hension de certains mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance directs ou indirects Ă la pourriture racinaire du pois causĂ©e par A. euteiches, en se focalisant sur lâĂ©tude de la contribution des facteurs biotiques, Ă savoir, le gĂ©notype variĂ©tal, seul ou accompagnĂ© de son phytobiome, et donc la mise en place de multiples interactions avec les microorganismes. Lâanalyse comparĂ©e de lâexpression de la maladie et des modifications architecturales induites a montrĂ© une expression diffĂ©rentielle de la maladie selon leur appartenance au groupe hiver ou printemps. Les variĂ©tĂ©s dâhiver caractĂ©risĂ©es par une grande tolĂ©rance au froid prĂ©sentent 2 traits dâintĂ©rĂȘt : un retard dâimpact sur les parties aĂ©riennes malgrĂ© une atteinte racinaire et un accroissement du systĂšme racinaire en rĂ©ponse Ă lâinfection. De plus, lâĂ©tude de la diversitĂ© bactĂ©rienne intra-nodules chez ces mĂȘmes variĂ©tĂ©s de pois dâhiver et de printemps, a montrĂ© que la diversitĂ© de ce microbiome endophyte varie en fonction du gĂ©notype variĂ©tal. Cette Ă©tude a permis de dĂ©celer le fort potentiel biocontrĂŽle des endophytes bactĂ©riens intra-nodulaires, avec une abondance relative observĂ©e des genres bactĂ©riens connus pour leurs effets antagonistes envers A. euteiches plus importante chez deux variĂ©tĂ©s de pois dâhiver. Le gĂ©notype variĂ©tal constitue donc un levier, direct et indirect via lâĂ©tablissement dâinteractions avec des microorganismes bĂ©nĂ©fiques, pour lutter contre la pourriture racinaire du pois. Le dernier axe de recherche a dĂ©montrĂ© la forte influence des espĂšces cultivĂ©s sur les associations microbiennes au sien de la rhizosphĂšre, en particulier sur lâassemblage des populations bĂ©nĂ©fiques. La manipulation de la composition des communautĂ©s microbiennes par les couverts vĂ©gĂ©taux au bĂ©nĂ©fice de la culture suivante reprĂ©sente un argument de plus en faveur de lâutilisation des rotations des cultures comme levier contre les phytopathologies. Plusieurs pistes intĂ©ressantes ressortent donc de ce travail, pour une lutte efficiente et globale contre A. euteiches : Ă lâĂ©chelle de la variĂ©tĂ©, par ses caractĂ©ristiques propres en lien avec son gĂ©notype et sa capacitĂ© Ă sĂ©lectionner des endophytes protecteurs, et Ă lâĂ©chelle de la rotation, par la manipulation du microbiome en faveur du pois. De belles perspectives de recherche se profilent, notamment la rĂ©alisation de tests dâefficacitĂ© de protection de tous les potentiels agents de biocontrĂŽles isolĂ©s, qui permettraient la mise en oeuvre de consortia bĂ©nĂ©fiques adaptĂ©s au terroir normand et aux spĂ©cificitĂ©s variĂ©tales du pois
Understanding of pea's direct and indirect mechanisms of resistance to root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches : influence of cultivar choice and its associated microbial cohort
Le pois protĂ©agineux, dont la culture est bien adaptĂ©e au contexte pĂ©doclimatique normand, reprĂ©sente une source nutritive importante en protĂ©ines vĂ©gĂ©tales. A lâheure actuelle, les cultures protĂ©agineuses font partie des cultures dâavenir aux vues de leurs nombreux intĂ©rĂȘts agronomique, Ă©conomique et environnemental. MalgrĂ© ses multiples atouts, la culture du pois protĂ©agineux n'a pas autant de succĂšs, principalement en raison dâune forte atteinte par diverses phytopathologies, dont le plus prĂ©judiciable est la pourriture racinaire du pois causĂ©e par Aphanomyces euteiches. Les dĂ©gĂąts occasionnĂ©s peuvent conduire Ă une baisse importante du rendement et ainsi pĂ©naliser les agriculteurs. Ne disposant dâaucun traitement efficace Ă ce jour, il est donc important de focaliser les recherches sur le dĂ©veloppement de moyens de contrĂŽle, ce qui passe par une comprĂ©hension holistique du pathobiome. Dans cette thĂšse, les travaux se sont concentrĂ©s sur la comprĂ©hension de certains mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance directs ou indirects Ă la pourriture racinaire du pois causĂ©e par A. euteiches, en se focalisant sur lâĂ©tude de la contribution des facteurs biotiques, Ă savoir, le gĂ©notype variĂ©tal, seul ou accompagnĂ© de son phytobiome, et donc la mise en place de multiples interactions avec les microorganismes. Lâanalyse comparĂ©e de lâexpression de la maladie et des modifications architecturales induites a montrĂ© une expression diffĂ©rentielle de la maladie selon leur appartenance au groupe hiver ou printemps. Les variĂ©tĂ©s dâhiver caractĂ©risĂ©es par une grande tolĂ©rance au froid prĂ©sentent 2 traits dâintĂ©rĂȘt : un retard dâimpact sur les parties aĂ©riennes malgrĂ© une atteinte racinaire et un accroissement du systĂšme racinaire en rĂ©ponse Ă lâinfection. De plus, lâĂ©tude de la diversitĂ© bactĂ©rienne intra-nodules chez ces mĂȘmes variĂ©tĂ©s de pois dâhiver et de printemps, a montrĂ© que la diversitĂ© de ce microbiome endophyte varie en fonction du gĂ©notype variĂ©tal. Cette Ă©tude a permis de dĂ©celer le fort potentiel biocontrĂŽle des endophytes bactĂ©riens intra-nodulaires, avec une abondance relative observĂ©e des genres bactĂ©riens connus pour leurs effets antagonistes envers A. euteiches plus importante chez deux variĂ©tĂ©s de pois dâhiver. Le gĂ©notype variĂ©tal constitue donc un levier, direct et indirect via lâĂ©tablissement dâinteractions avec des microorganismes bĂ©nĂ©fiques, pour lutter contre la pourriture racinaire du pois. Le dernier axe de recherche a dĂ©montrĂ© la forte influence des espĂšces cultivĂ©s sur les associations microbiennes au sien de la rhizosphĂšre, en particulier sur lâassemblage des populations bĂ©nĂ©fiques. La manipulation de la composition des communautĂ©s microbiennes par les couverts vĂ©gĂ©taux au bĂ©nĂ©fice de la culture suivante reprĂ©sente un argument de plus en faveur de lâutilisation des rotations des cultures comme levier contre les phytopathologies. Plusieurs pistes intĂ©ressantes ressortent donc de ce travail, pour une lutte efficiente et globale contre A. euteiches : Ă lâĂ©chelle de la variĂ©tĂ©, par ses caractĂ©ristiques propres en lien avec son gĂ©notype et sa capacitĂ© Ă sĂ©lectionner des endophytes protecteurs, et Ă lâĂ©chelle de la rotation, par la manipulation du microbiome en faveur du pois. De belles perspectives de recherche se profilent, notamment la rĂ©alisation de tests dâefficacitĂ© de protection de tous les potentiels agents de biocontrĂŽles isolĂ©s, qui permettraient la mise en oeuvre de consortia bĂ©nĂ©fiques adaptĂ©s au terroir normand et aux spĂ©cificitĂ©s variĂ©tales du pois.Pea, well-adapted to the Normandy pedoclimatic context, represents an important nutritional source of plant proteins. At present, protein crops are among the promoting crops in view of their many agronomical, economic, and environmental interests. Despite their multiple advantages, the cultivation of protein peas is not as successful, mainly due to strong attacks by various phytopathology. The most damaging is pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches leading to a significant drop in yield and thus can penalize farmers. As there is no effective treatment to date, numerous focus researches are in progress to develop efficient control methods, which requires a holistic understanding of the pathobiome. In this thesis, studies were focused on the understanding of some direct and indirect resistance mechanisms of pea root rot caused by A. euteiches. The contribution of biotic factors in this disease were studied, specifically the influence of varietal genotype and its associated phytobiome, and so the establishment of multiple interactions with microorganisms. The comparative analysis of disease severity and induced architectural modifications, showed a differential expression according to their affiliation to winter or spring group. The two winter pea cultivars characterized by a high cold tolerance presented two features of interest: a delayed impact on aerial part despite significant root damage and an increased growth of root system in response to infection. In addition, the study of intra-nodule bacterial diversity in these same cultivars showed that the diversity of their nodule microbiome varies according to varietal genotype. This study highlighted the strong biocontrol potential of intra-nodule bacterial endophytes, with a higher relative abundance of known antagonistic bacterial genera towards A. euteiches for two winter pea cultivars. The varietal genotype therefore constitutes a direct and indirect lever by the establishment of interactions with beneficial microorganisms, to fight against pea root rot. The last research line has demonstrated the strong influence of plant cultivated species on the microbial associations in the rhizosphere, specifically a modulation of the assemblage of beneficial populations. Shaping the microbial community composition though the cultivation of crops to the benefit of the next crop represents an additional argument in favor of crop rotation use as a lever against phytopathology. Several interesting alternatives were highlighted in this research work to effectively and efficiently manage A. euteiches: at the cultivar scale, by specific characteristics in relation to varietiesâ genotype and their ability to select protective endophytes, and at the scale of crop rotation, by shaping microbiome in favor of pea. Great research perspectives are emerging, especially the efficiency of protection resulting from all potential isolated biocontrol agents, which would allow the development and implementation of beneficial consortia adapted to Normandy soils and to pea cultivars specificities
Diversity of nodule-inhabiting bacteria associated with cultivars of Pisum sativum and their biocontrol potential against Aphanomyces euteiches
International audiencePea root rot, caused by the oomycete, Aphanomyces euteiches, is considered to be the most damaging pathology, as it can lead to significant losses in pea fields and there are currently no effective treatments for it. Studying plant microbiomes, such as bacterial endophytes present in pea nodules, can be a basis for valorizing them as potential biocontrol agents. For this purpose, nodules of three spring and three winter pea cultivars were investigated to isolate bacterial endophytes and test their potential biocontrol ability against A. euteiches. Moreover, a metabarcoding approach was performed to comprehensively assess the diversity of bacterial endophytes, with a particular emphasis on the biocontrol genera that are already described. Screening tests revealed 17 isolates, from five out of six cultivars, with an in vitro antagonist effect towards A. euteiches. High-throughput sequencing showed a predominance of Rhizobium lusitanum followed by Rhizobium leguminosarum in the nodules of all cultivars. High-throughput sequencing revealed a higher diversity of minor endophytes in the two winter cultivars, which are more resistant to frost, and known antagonist genera were more abundant in winter cultivars, making them better suited for biocontrol against A. euteiches. This research is the first to explore the microbiomes of nodule-inhabiting bacteria in multiple pea cultivars and provides a foundation for developing biocontrol strategies for managing pea root rot
Soil and crop cover: a potential resource of biocontrol agents against pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches
International audienc
Phenotype and MIR leaves spectra comparison between healthy and infected pea cultivars with Aphanomyces euteiches
National audienc
Phenotype and MIR leaves spectra comparison between healthy and infected pea cultivars with Aphanomyces euteiches
National audienc
Responses of Collembola communities to mixtures of wheat varieties: a trait-based approach
International audienceThe genetic diversity of cultivated crops has decreased continuously since the beginning of the 20th century, because of the gradual replacement of genetically heterogeneous traditional varieties by new genetically homogenous varieties, grown in monospecific stands. The resulting agro-ecosystems are now considered as unsustainable. Increasing within-field genetic crop diversity by using a mixture of varieties could increase the sustainability of these agro-ecosystems. This could also potentially increase non-crop biodiversity. In the present study we used an experimental approach to (1) test whether the number of wheat varieties (genetic diversity), the number of functional groups (functional diversity), the composition of functional groups and wheat traits influence 1) species richness and abundance of Collembola, and (2) species and trait assemblages of Collembola. A total of 104 plots were seeded with either monocultures or mixtures of 2, 4 and 8 wheat varieties. Soil cores were collected in each plot to extract Collembola and measure soil features. Wheat variety number and functional wheat diversity did not impact abundance and species richness of Collembola. The sensitivity of wheat to septoria leaf blotch was positively related to abundance and species richness of Collembola, while specific root length was favorable to collembolan species richness. Wheat traits related to sensitivity to fungal diseases, (more especially septoria leaf blotch) and characteristics of aerial parts and roots impacted collembolan species and trait assemblages, but these effects were weak. Soil features, especially the proportion of coarse silt, were also influential. Our study did not show a favorable impact of wheat genetic diversity on soil Collembola, which might result from their low abundance. Nevertheless, it suggests correlations between some variety traits and the species richness and abundance of Collembola
Reduction of Septoria leaf blotch propagation in cultivar mixtures: exploring mechanisms through controlled conditions experimentation and modelling
Cultivar mixtures can contribute to a sustainable management of foliar diseases such as septoria leaf blotch. Mixing cultivars differing by their resistance genes makes it possible to partially protect a susceptible cultivar by a resistant cultivar. Architectural properties of the mixture cultivar components can have an impact on their capacity to intercept spores and therefore on disease reduction mechanisms within mixture such as reduction of susceptible host density and barrier of resistant cultivar on spore dispersion. Efficient mixture design is often difficult, given the high number of possible combinations and the complexity of mechanisms involved. Modelling can therefore be a powerful tool to better understand disease reduction mechanisms and identify characteristics of mixtures of interest. However, few models take into account both architecture and resistance heterogeneity of canopies. A modelling approach based on experimental data was used to investigate dispersal mechanisms in mixed canopies with components differing by both their varietal resistance and architecture. A controlled experiment was performed with three types of canopies of 1m2: a mixture of two cultivars and pure stands of these cultivars. A linear inoculum source consisting of an aqueous suspension of spores was disposed in the middle of each canopy and then placed under a rain simulator generator to generate reproducible spore flux. Horizontal and vertical spore fluxes were measured at different points in the canopy using traps composed of microscope slides. Varietal resistance was assessed in parallel. After incubation, disease severity was measured at leaf level on plants sampled from each canopy. Architecture characterization allowed reconstruction of realistic 3D mockups of experimental canopies. A bio-physical model was used to compute splash droplets interception by leaves in 3D canopies. For each leaf of the virtual canopy, lesion area was deduced from the amount of intercepted inoculum and from individual leaf resistance level. Simulated spore fluxes and disease gradients were consistent with experimental measurements. In particular, high leaf area density resulted in higher spore interception by the canopy and higher disease severity. In mixed canopies, resistant plants had higher densities and therefore provided an efficient barrier effect. This modelling approach, now validated on detailed experimental data, can be used to reconstruct dispersal events observed in the field and understand dispersal mechanisms involved in complex canopies such as cultivar mixtures
La Charente
19 septembre 18901890/09/19 (A19,N7432)-1890/09/19.Appartient Ă lâensemble documentaire : PoitouCh
Associer des variĂ©tĂ©s de blĂ© diffĂ©rant fortement par leur architecture : une piste dâamĂ©lioration de lâefficacitĂ© des associations variĂ©tales dans la rĂ©duction de la septoriose du blĂ© ?
Les associations de variétés de blé permettent, sous certaines conditions, de réduire la
progression de maladies foliaires telles que la septoriose. Les mécanismes impliqués reposent
principalement sur une différence de niveau de résistance entre les variétés associées : une
variĂ©tĂ© sensible peut ainsi ĂȘtre protĂ©gĂ©e par une variĂ©tĂ© rĂ©sistante. Il est gĂ©nĂ©ralement
recommandĂ© dâassocier des variĂ©tĂ©s de caractĂ©ristiques agronomiques proches afin de faciliter
la gestion des cultures et de limiter la compĂ©tition entre variĂ©tĂ©s. Or, la structure des couverts a un impact sur la progression des Ă©pidĂ©mies, notamment via la dispersion des spores et le microclimat. En associant des variĂ©tĂ©s ayant des architectures contrastĂ©es, on constitue des couverts hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Cette hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© pourrait ĂȘtre un levier supplĂ©mentaire pour le contrĂŽle des maladies fongiques aĂ©riennes. Des associations de variĂ©tĂ©s diffĂ©rant par leurs niveaux de rĂ©sistance et ayant des hauteurs de paille semblables (homogĂšnes) ou trĂšs diffĂ©rentes (hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes) ont Ă©tĂ© semĂ©es au champ afin de tester l'impact d'une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© architecturale sur la progression dâĂ©pidĂ©mies de septoriose et dâanalyser les mĂ©canismes mis en jeu. Un suivi hebdomadaire de la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ©, ainsi qu'un comptage de lĂ©sions montrent une rĂ©duction de la maladie chez la variĂ©tĂ© basse sensible (env. 0,8 m) associĂ©e Ă une variĂ©tĂ© haute rĂ©sistante (env. 1,4 m) par comparaison avec la mĂȘme variĂ©tĂ© basse en culture pure ou en association homogĂšne. Ce constat est mis en relation avec des diffĂ©rences mesurĂ©es en termes de structure des couverts, de microclimat et de flux de spores. Par ailleurs, une modĂ©lisation biophysique permet de mieux identifier, quantifier et hiĂ©rarchiser les mĂ©canismes physiques liĂ©s Ă la dispersion des spores dans les diffĂ©rents traitements, tels que les effets barriĂšre, dilution et l'impact des diffĂ©rences de propriĂ©tĂ©s entre couches de couverts hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes (notamment caractĂ©risĂ©es par des proportions diffĂ©rentes de tissus rĂ©sistants et sensibles). Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que la diversitĂ© variĂ©tale et l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du couvert rĂ©sultante constituent un levier potentiel permettant l'amĂ©lioration de l'efficacitĂ© des associations variĂ©tales vis-Ă -vis de la septoriose du blĂ©