Defect Engineering: Graphene Gets Designer Defects

An extended one-dimensional defect that has the potential to act as a conducting wire has been embedded in another perfect graphene sheet.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figur

Ontogenetic changes in leaf traits of tropical rainforest trees differing in juvenile light requirement

Relationships between leaf traits and the gap dependence for regeneration, and ontogenetic changes therein, were investigated in juvenile and adult tropical rainforest tree species. The juveniles of the 17 species included in the study were grown in high light, similar to the exposed crowns of the adult trees. The traits were structural, biomechanical, chemical and photosynthetic. With increasing species gap dependence, leaf mass per area (LMA) decreased only slightly in juveniles and remained constant in adults, whereas punch strength together with tissue density decreased, and photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll increased. Contrary to what has been mostly found in evergreen tropical rainforest, the trade-off between investment in longevity and in productivity was evident at an essentially constant LMA. Of the traits pertaining to the chloroplast level, photosynthetic capacity per unit chlorophyll increased with gap dependence, but the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed no relationship. Adults had a twofold higher LMA, but leaf strength was on average only about 50% larger. Leaf tissue density, and chlorophyll and leaf N per area were also higher, whereas chlorophyll and leaf N per unit dry mass were lower. Ranking of the species, relationships between traits and with the gap dependence of the species were similar for juveniles and adults. However, the magnitudes of most ontogenetic changes were not clearly related to a species’ gap dependence. The adaptive value of the leaf traits for juveniles and adults is discussed

Properties of Graphene: A Theoretical Perspective

In this review, we provide an in-depth description of the physics of monolayer and bilayer graphene from a theorist's perspective. We discuss the physical properties of graphene in an external magnetic field, reflecting the chiral nature of the quasiparticles near the Dirac point with a Landau level at zero energy. We address the unique integer quantum Hall effects, the role of electron correlations, and the recent observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in the monolayer graphene. The quantum Hall effect in bilayer graphene is fundamentally different from that of a monolayer, reflecting the unique band structure of this system. The theory of transport in the absence of an external magnetic field is discussed in detail, along with the role of disorder studied in various theoretical models. We highlight the differences and similarities between monolayer and bilayer graphene, and focus on thermodynamic properties such as the compressibility, the plasmon spectra, the weak localization correction, quantum Hall effect, and optical properties. Confinement of electrons in graphene is nontrivial due to Klein tunneling. We review various theoretical and experimental studies of quantum confined structures made from graphene. The band structure of graphene nanoribbons and the role of the sublattice symmetry, edge geometry and the size of the nanoribbon on the electronic and magnetic properties are very active areas of research, and a detailed review of these topics is presented. Also, the effects of substrate interactions, adsorbed atoms, lattice defects and doping on the band structure of finite-sized graphene systems are discussed. We also include a brief description of graphane -- gapped material obtained from graphene by attaching hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom in the lattice.Comment: 189 pages. submitted in Advances in Physic

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora

We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of values of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 448 traits across 28,640 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxon descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological attributes (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual- and species-level measurements coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties and experimental conditions. This article provides information on version 3.0.2 of AusTraits which contains data for 997,808 trait-by-taxon combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data, which also provides a template for other national or regional initiatives globally to fill persistent gaps in trait knowledge

Interfaces da história da Enfermagem: uma potencial agenda de pesquisa Interfazes de la historia de Enfermería: una potencial agenda de investigación Interfaces of the history of Nursing: a potential agenda of research

Durante o século XX, o conhecimento histórico deixou de apresentar-se como uma relação de datas e fatos marcantes, colocados em ordem cronológica, para assumir uma feição crítica que parte de problemas do presente e busca analisá-los no passado. A História da Saúde passou igualmente por esta mudança. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, de forma sumária, alguns elementos presentes no debate historiográfico contemporâneo sobre História da Saúde, da Ciência, das Mulheres e das Profissões. A escolha destas áreas se justifica na medida em que elas são interfaces potenciais para a escrita da História da Enfermagem. Cada uma delas, da sua maneira, contribui para valorizar esta profissão, pois resgata sua memória e divulga sua história: partes imprescindíveis para a construção da identidade de qualquer profissão. Com isso, pretendemos sugerir que a produção histórica em Enfermagem leve em consideração esta controvérsia historiográfica e se inscreva nela de forma consciente e qualificada.<br>Durante el siglo XX, el conocimiento histórico terminó por presentarse en forma de simples hechos con sus correspondientes fechas. Se desarrolló como una característica crítica que se separa de los problemas del presente, al mismo tiempo que intenta analizar el pasado. La historia de la salud también fué sometida a esta transformación. El propósito de este artículo es sumar varios elementos del debate histográfico contemporáneo sobre la história de la salud, la ciéncia, la mujer, y las profesiones. La selección de estas áreas es justificada por su potencial como un medio colaborativo para escribir sobre la historia de la enfermería. Revitaliza y publica la historia de los componentes indispensables para la construcción de identidad de cualquier profesión. Es en esta manera que invitamos a eruditos historiadores de enfermeria a considerar esta histografía controversial y los invitamos también a entrar en una discusión sobre el tema en una manera concienzuda y calificada.<br>During the 20th Century, historical knowledge ceased to present itself solely as a chronological list of dates and facts. Rather, it developed into a critical feature that detaches from problems of the present while attempting to analyze the past. The history of health also suffered from the same transformation. The purpose of this article is to summarize some current elements of the contemporary historiographical debate surrounding the History of Health, Science, Women, and Professions. The choice of these areas is justified because of their potential as a collective medium for writing about the history of nursing. It revitalizes and publicizes its history - indispensable components for the construction of identity of any profession. In this way, we invite scholars of the History of Nursing to take into consideration this controversial historiography and introduce them into the discussion in a conscientious and qualified manner

Ações educativas com enfoque positivo em programa de conservação auditiva e sua avaliação Positive focus in educational interventions in a hearing conservation program and its evaluation

OBJETIVO: avaliar o conhecimento adquirido pelos trabalhadores de uma empresa frigorífica após uma ação educativa sobre proteção auditiva. MÉTODOS: foram comparadas as atitudes, intenções e comportamentos de proteção da audição adotados por 61 trabalhadores pré e pós-treinamento, avaliando a efetividade das mensagens através do uso de estímulos positivos. Foram utilizados os questionários "Crenças e Atitudes sobre Proteção Auditiva e Perda Auditiva", os quais foram aplicados antes e após a intervenção na forma de treinamento coletivo. RESULTADOS: os escores dos questionários sobre a percepção de suscetibilidade de adquirir uma perda auditiva e a percepção de obstáculos para uma ação preventiva se mostraram associados às variáveis sexo e tempo de empresa; a percepção de severidade das conseqüências de uma perda auditiva associada ao nível de ruído; normas sociais associada ao tempo de empresa, e a auto-eficácia associada ao resultado da audiometria. CONCLUSÃO: o treinamento com enfoque positivo ocasionou mudanças significativas na percepção de benefícios e de obstáculos de uma ação preventiva em comparação ao grupo de trabalhadores que não recebeu treinamento. Esse estudo possibilitará uma intervenção cujo foco será nas áreas consideradas mais deficitárias com a elaboração de propostas e materiais mais específicos e eficazes para os treinamentos que fazem parte do Programa de Conservação Auditiva. O uso de um questionário sobre as crenças e atitudes como o selecionado permite a identificação de temas que necessitam de clarificação em ações educativas.<br>PURPOSE: to evaluate the efficacy of an educational intervention on hearing protection in a group of 61 workers at a meat packing company. METHODS: one group of workers participated in a training session that used positive messages; the other group of workers received no intervention. The two versions of the NIOSH "Beliefs and Attitudes on Hearing Loss Prevention" questionnaire were used to assess changes before and after the intervention. Workers who received the training using positive messages showed significant changes in their perception of the benefits and obstacles to preventive action in comparison with the group that did not receive any intervention. RESULTS: the post-test scores for perception of susceptibility to developing a hearing loss and obstacles to preventive actions were significantly associated with gender and tenure; perception of severity of the consequences of a hearing loss was associated with noise level; social norms were associated with tenure; and self-efficacy was associated with audiometric thresholds. CONCLUSION: this study will make easier the development of interventions focused on the areas where workers lack information, and allow for educational materials for hearing loss prevention programs to be appropriately addressed to relevant obstacles. The use of a questionnaire on beliefs and attitudes such as the one selected for this study allows the identification of issues that require clarification in educational interventions