Effect of Health Education on Maternal Knowledge and Child Nutritional Status among Children Under Three Years Old with Undernutrition, in Pasuruan, East Java

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition may disturb child growth and development. At acute phase it may threaten child survival and lead to lost generation. This study aimed to determine the effect of health education on the improvement of maternal knowledge and child nutritional status. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This was a quasi-experiment study, before and after with no control design. A total sample of 75 children under three years old with undernutrition was selected for this study from Posyandu, at Community Health Center (Puskesmas) Gondangwetan, Pasuruan, East Java. The independent variable was health education. The dependent variables were maternal knowledge in nutrition and child nutritional status, as measured by weight for age. Maternal knowledge and confound-ding factors were measure by a questionnaire. Child nutritional status was measure a month and two months after health education. The confounding factors included family income and maternal education. The effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables were analyzed using multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: Knowledge in nutrition increased significantly before and after health education (b=7.35; p=0.001). A month after health education, children whose mother had high knowledge in nutrition were 2.6 times more likely to have good nutritional status than those whose mother had low knowledge, although it was not statically significant (OR=2.57; p=0.195). Two months after health education, children whose mother had high knowledge in nutrition were 2.2 times more likely to have good nutri-tional status than those whose mother had low knowledge, although it was not statically significant (OR=2.21; p=0.147). These estimates were made after controlling for the effect of family income. Children whose mother had higher family income were 12.2 times more likely to have good nutritional status than those whose with low family income (OR=12.2; p=0.037). CONCLUSION: Health education to mothers can improve knowledge in nutrition and improve nutritional status among children under three years old in Pasuruan, East Java. Keywords: health education, knowledge, nutritional status, children under three years ol

Parental Stress, Socioeconomic Status, Satisfaction with Services, and Family Quality of Life among Parents of Children Receiving Special Education Services

Family quality of life (FQOL) refers to the degree to which families of individuals with disabilities are able to meet their basic needs, enjoy time together, and pursue leisure interests and activities (Park et al., 2003). Researchers have identified barriers that families of individuals with disabilities encounter as they pursue a life of quality including elevated parental stress (Hauser-Cram, Warfield, Shonkoff, & Kraus, 2001), low socioeconomic status (SES) (Park, Turnbull, & Turnbull, 2002) and inadequate social service support (Soresi, Nota, & Ferrari, 2007). This study utilized data collected from a sample of parents (N = 389) of children receiving special education services from preschool through fifth grade to determine parental stress levels, satisfaction with social service supports and FQOL. Instruments included a demographic questionnaire, Parental Stress Scale (PSS; Berry & Jones, 1995), Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8; Larsen, Attkisson, Hargreaves, & Nguyen, 1979) and Family Quality of Life Survey (FQOLS; Turnbull et al., 2004). A MANCOVA analysis failed to reflect significant differences between parental stress levels and FQOL based on child disability type. Point biserial correlations did not reveal significant relationships between children’s free or reduced lunch (FRL) status, parental stress, satisfaction with social services, and FQOL. Initial linear regression analysis indicated that parental stress was a significant predictor of FQOL (p \u3c .001) while satisfaction with social services approached significance (p = .057). However, a subsequent linear regression analysis that included the interaction between satisfaction with social services and parental stress failed to support a moderation effect between satisfaction with social services and parental stress in the prediction of FQOL (p = .142). The examination of parental stress and FQOL within a school-based setting was a unique contribution to the literature that focuses primarily on FQOL and families of children with disabilities within clinical, medical and mental health settings. Limitations of this study, future research directions, and implications for school-based mental health providers are presented

Financing Farm Land Sales in South Dakota: Sale Price Per Acre And Types Of Farm Sale Financing In Eight Selected Counties Of South Dakota, 1941-1950

This report is a part of a study of the farm land market in South Dakota carried on cooperatively by the Department of Agricultural Economics of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture represented by Virgil L. Hurlburt. Data was secured from the Office of the Register of Deeds and the County Auditor\u27s office in each of the eight counties and supplementary information was obtained from various sellers and buyers. This report includes only those sales of farm land for which full information as to consideration and terms of sale were available. A more complete report of the study will appear subsequently in a bulletin to be published by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station

Land Market Trends in South Dakota 1941-1956, Supplement to Bulletin No. 413: Land Market Trends in South Dakota 1941-1950

Data for this report were secured from the offices of the Register of Deeds in each of eight counties in South Dakota, These counties were Beadle, Brookings, Brown, Clay, Faulk, Haakon, Hand and Spink, Supplementary information was secured from the records of the County Auditors as well as from records available at the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation offices in each of the counties included in the study. This report, as a supplement to Station Bulletin 413, furnishes a continuous record of farm land sales in each of the eight counties over a period of sixteen years, 1941-1956, Beadle, Faulk, Hand and Spink counties are within the prospective irrigation area in central South Dakota, These counties were selected in order to secure a record of farm land sales activity and prices during the development of the prospective irrigation of that area. Comparisons can easily be made with sales activity and prices in the other counties outside this area. Eventually a complete history of land prices during the entire development of that project will be secured. In 1941, at the start of this study, counties had acquired title to considerable acreage of farm land through foreclosure of farm loans extended from state school endowment funds as well as considerable acreage acquired by the counties through delinquent tax statutes. With few exceptions county owned lands have been sold and returned to the tax rolls. The Federal Land Bank and insurance companies as well as other corporations had also acquired title to farm land through foreclosure of loans they had extended on farm land. During the early years of this study loaning agencies and counties were the chief sellers of farm land. Only 4141 acres or 2.8 percent of the total land sold in 1956 in there eight counties was sold by loaning agencies. Farmers who plan to operate the land have been the chief buyers of farm land during 1956. In 1956 farmers bought 59,9 percent of the land sold within the eight counties included in this study. There was a net increase in the acreage held by operating farmers within the eight counties of 45,275 acres during the calendar year 1956. During the years 1950-1952 numerous gas and oil leases on farm land were filed in Faulk, Haakon and Hand counties. Sales of farm land during those yee.rs were no doubt influenced by this activity and may well account for at least part of the increase in acreage sold during those years. Within the past year interest in oil has not been as pronounced as during the earlier years of this decade. Total sales of farm land in the eight counties during 1956 was only 367 acres more than was sold during 1955

Farm Land Market Trends in South Dakota 1941-1953, Supplement to Bulletin No. 413: Land Market Trends in South Dakota 1941-1950

This report is a part of a study of the farm land market in South Dakota, carried on cooperatively by the Department of Economics of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture represented by Virgil L, Hurlburt, Data were secured from the office of Register of Deeds and the County Auditor Office in each of the specified eight counties. Supplementary information was secured from the Agricultural Stabilization Offices for each county as well as from real estate dealers and various buyers and sellers of the land transferred. Total farm land acreage sold during 1953 in the eight counties (Beadle, Brookings, Brown, Clay, Faulk, Haakon, Hand and Spink) was the smallest in any of the thirteen years during which data have been secured. There was a slight increase in the acreage sold in Beadle County over the 1952 figure and in Spink County a slight decrease from the 1952 total. All other counties showed a marked decrease in acres sold. The most notable decrease was in Faulk County

Land Market Trends in South Dakota, 1941-1950

The present study covers various aspects of the farm real estate market in eight counties for a 10-year period, from January 1, 1941 to December 31, 1950. It is a continuation and expansion of the Land Market study which the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Agricultural Economics, has been making for the past several years in the counties of Brookings, Brown, Clay and Haakon. The expansion includes the counties of Beadle, Faulk, Hand and Spink. In addition, some state-wide information covering a longer period of years has been used for background or explanatory purposes

Fifty Years of South Dakota Agriculture

Eastern and southeastern areas of South Dakota were settled and farming well established (at the start of this report) in 1900. Western South Dakota was in the development or transition stage from wide open range in the west river district to partly settled in the central portions of the state. Black Hills communities were settled due to mining and lumbering activities within that portion of the west river area. The west river district consisting of nearly 25 million acres in total area had only 4800 farms or ranches in 1900. Ranch headquarters were usually located at sources of water either near streams or springs. Irrigation along the streams dates back to about 1880 and was largely used to raise forage crops to winter the stock pastured on the open range. The range land of west river South Dakota was opened to homesteading and in 1907 and 1908 there were a great many entries filed. At that time homesteads were limited to 160 acres and tar paper shacks of homesteaders appeared on a great majority of the westriver quarter sections. There was little information available regarding climatic conditions and farming possibilities within this sub-humid area and congressmen based their decisions as to limitation on size on experience in farming in the more humid states within the central Mississippi valley. It was not realized until later that a farm of 160 acres in the semi-arid west was wholly inadequate to provide a farm family with a living. The census of 1910 caught homesteading at its height with an increase in Area I over 1900 of more than 17,000 farms (see page 4 for location of areas). The size of homestead entries was later increased to 320 acres but even that acreage was not sufficient on which to make a living. Following the limited rainfall of 1911 when few crops were raised in the west river area homesteaders departed in large numbers

Resales of Farm Land in South Dakota: Number of sales and acreage involved in resales of farm land in eight selected counties of South Dakota 1941-1950

This report is a part of a study of the farm land market in South Dakota carried on cooperatively by the Department of Agricultural Economics of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture represented by Virgil L. Hurlburt. Data was secured from the Office of the Register of Deeds and the County Auditor\u27s office in each of the eight counties and supplementary information was obtained from various sellers and buyers. This report includes only those sales of farm land for which full information as to consideration and terms of sale were available. A more complete report of the study will appear subsequently in a bulletin to be published by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station

Farm Land Market Trends in South Dakota 1941-1952, Supplement to Bulletin No. 413: Land Market Trends in South Dakota 1941-1950

This report is a part of a study of the farm land market in South Dakota, carried on cooperatively by the Department of Economics of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture represented by Virgil L. Hurlburt, Data were secured from the office of Register of Deeds and the County Auditor’s office in each of the specified eight counties. Supplementary information was secured from the Agricultural Stabilization Offices for each county as well as from real estate dealers and various buyers and sellers of the land transferred

The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: a review

Traffic emissions contribute significantly to the build-up of diffuse pollution loads on urban surfaces with their subsequent mobilisation and direct discharge posing problems for receiving water quality. This review focuses on the impact and mitigation of solids, metals, nutrients and organic pollutants in the runoff deriving from car parks. Variabilities in the discharged pollutant levels and in the potentials for pollutant mitigation complicate an impact assessment of car park runoff. The different available stormwater best management practices and proprietary devices are reported to be capable of reductions of between 20% and almost 100% for both suspended solids and a range of metals. This review contributes to prioritising the treatment options which can achieve the appropriate pollutant reductions whilst conforming to the site requirements of a typical car park. By applying different treatment scenarios to the runoff from a hypothetical car park, it is shown that optimal performance, in terms of ecological benefits for the receiving water, can be achieved using a treatment train incorporating permeable paving and bioretention systems. The review identifies existing research gaps and emphasises the pertinent management practices as well as design issues which are relevant to the mitigation of car park pollution