Spectral and morphological analysis of the remnant of Supernova 1987A with ALMA & ATCA

We present a comprehensive spectral and morphological analysis of the remnant of Supernova (SN) 1987A with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The non-thermal and thermal components of the radio emission are investigated in images from 94 to 672 GHz ($\lambda$ 3.2 mm to 450 $\mu$m), with the assistance of a high-resolution 44 GHz synchrotron template from the ATCA, and a dust template from ALMA observations at 672 GHz. An analysis of the emission distribution over the equatorial ring in images from 44 to 345 GHz highlights a gradual decrease of the east-to-west asymmetry ratio with frequency. We attribute this to the shorter synchrotron lifetime at high frequencies. Across the transition from radio to far infrared, both the synchrotron/dust-subtracted images and the spectral energy distribution (SED) suggest additional emission beside the main synchrotron component ($S_{\nu}\propto\nu^{-0.73}$) and the thermal component originating from dust grains at $T\sim22$ K. This excess could be due to free-free flux or emission from grains of colder dust. However, a second flat-spectrum synchrotron component appears to better fit the SED, implying that the emission could be attributed to a pulsar wind nebula (PWN). The residual emission is mainly localised west of the SN site, as the spectral analysis yields $-0.4\lesssim\alpha\lesssim-0.1$ across the western regions, with $\alpha\sim0$ around the central region. If there is a PWN in the remnant interior, these data suggest that the pulsar may be offset westward from the SN position.Comment: ApJ accepted. 21 pages, emulateapj. References update

Dynamics and nucleation of dislocations in crystals

Hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) have been predominantly found in low-metallicity, star-forming dwarf galaxies. Here we identify Gaia17biu/SN 2017egm as an SLSN-I occurring in a "normal" spiral galaxy (NGC 3191) in terms of stellar mass (several times 10^10 M_sun) and metallicity (roughly Solar). At redshift z=0.031, Gaia17biu is also the lowest redshift SLSN-I to date, and the absence of a larger population of SLSNe-I in dwarf galaxies of similar redshift suggests that metallicity is likely less important to the production of SLSNe-I than previously believed. With the smallest distance and highest apparent brightness for an SLSN-I, we are able to study Gaia17biu in unprecedented detail. Its pre-peak near-ultraviolet to optical color is similar to that of Gaia16apd and among the bluest observed for an SLSN-I while its peak luminosity (M_g = -21 mag) is substantially lower than Gaia16apd. Thanks to the high signal-to-noise ratios of our spectra, we identify several new spectroscopic features that may help to probe the properties of these enigmatic explosions. We detect polarization at the ~0.5% level that is not strongly dependent on wavelength, suggesting a modest, global departure from spherical symmetry. In addition, we put the tightest upper limit yet on the radio luminosity of an SLSN-I with <5.4x10^26 erg/s/Hz (at 10 GHz), which is almost a factor of 40 better than previous upper limits and one of the few measured at an early stage in the evolution of an SLSN-I. This limit largely rules out an association of this SLSNe-I with known populations of gamma-ray burst (GRB) like central engines.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Ancillary ASCII tables added: TRL.txt -- blackbody temperature, radius and luminosity; uvw2uvm2uvw1uvu.txt -- UV photometry; BgVri.txt -- optical photometry; zJHK.txt -- NIR photometr

Prevalence of challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities, correlates, and association with mental health

Purpose of Review To summarise findings about the prevalence and correlates of challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities from robust research. We also describe findings on the interplay between challenging behaviour and mental health. Recent Findings Recent studies that have utilised psychometrically evaluated tools, with clear operational definitions, show similar findings on the prevalence of challenging behaviour of about 1 in every 5–6 adults known to services. We describe common correlates identified such as communication impairments, severity of intellectual disability, and living in institutional settings or congregate care. We also describe the complex and multifaceted relationship between challenging behaviour and mental health. Summary Based on recent studies, we propose a revised framework model to help understand challenging behaviour. We propose a number of areas where more research is required, particularly the development of risk tools clinicians can utilise in practice

Isolation, characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of water-soluble wood polysaccharides

The need for new renewable products has enhanced the interest in cellulose and hemicellulose as raw material. The wood plant cell wall is a complex mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and minor amounts of pectin, proteins and extractives. Several interactions between the compounds make them difficult to separate without modification. O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan (O-acetyl-GGM), the major hemicellulose in spruce, has been the main focus of this thesis. Heat-fractionation with microwave irradiation and size-fractionation with size exclusion chromatography have been used for the isolation of O-acetyl-GGM. HPLC, NMR and MALDI-MS were used as characterization methods. The structure of O-acetyl-GGM is sensitive to temperature, residence time and pH during the heat-fractionation. Considering MW, yield of GGM and sugar composition the best conditions for extracting O-acetyl-GGM using microwave irradiation were found to be a pH between 4-5, a temperature of 190°C and a residence time of 5 min. Cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes are valuable tools for the investigation of O-acetyl-GGM. The possibility to characterize O-acetyl-GGM is improved by the purification and characterization of a beta-mannosidase (Man2A) from Aspergillus niger. Man2A has the capacity to catalyze the cleavage of mannosyl residues from the non-reducing end of manno-oligosaccharides, soluble and insoluble mannans and glucomannans. Man2A was shown to remove acetylated mannosyl units, but not galactosyl substituted mannosyl units from the substrate. The endoglucanase Cel7B and beta-mannanase Man5A from Trichoderma reesei have the ability to catalyze the cleavage of O-acetyl-GGM. Characterization methods were studied to determine the substitution pattern of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC) by means of enzymatic degradation and chromatographic methods. The action of Cel7B and Cel12A from T. reesei on EHEC was found to be limited due to the high degree of substitution

Fórmules de promoció de la Costa Brava i el Pirineu de Girona

Conferència a càrrec de Jaume Marín, director de Màrqueting del Patronat de turisme Costa Brava-Pirineus de Girona i professor de la UdG, sobre les estratègiques de màrqueting que es duen a terme des del Patrona

The construction worker and the change process

Allt sedan miljonprogrammet har byggindustrin försökt att hitta sätt att effektivisera byggsektorn. Detta har lett till satsningar på förändringsprogram såsom Utmärkt! Samhällsbyggnad och Lean Construction. Genomgående för de olika satsningarna är att de uppvisar positiva resultat där förslagen till effektiviseringsåtgärder utnyttjas inledningsvis, men av ett eller annat skäl inte får någon långvarig effekt i byggproduktionen. En orsak till bristande genomslag kan vara att åtgärderna ofta är toppstyrda och inte genomsyrar hela organisationen.Sällan utreds och analyseras hantverkarnas förutsättningar för att delta i arbetet mot ett effektivare arbetssätt och kunna bidra till att förbättra byggprocessen. Intressant är även i vilka skeden i byggprocessen som hantverkarnas expertis kan utnyttjas. Dessa frågor bör ställas för att få hantverkaren till en mer pådrivande kraft i olika förändringsprocesser. I detta examensarbete har hantverkarnas möjligheter och hinder att aktivt påverka och delta i förändringsarbetet undersökts, beskrivits och analyserats genom forskning utförd på arbetsplats. Examensarbetet har resulterat i två typer av bidrag: ett akademiskt och ett industriellt. Det akademiska bidraget: Belyser ett område i behov av forskning Ökar kunskapen om hantverkarens behov och åsikter Ökar intresset för forskning på byggarbetsplats Det industriella bidraget: Identifierar strukturella problem Ger förslag på implementerbara aktiviteter Vinner kunskap och förståelse om människans inverkan på den platsbaserade produktionens resulta

Handledning i socialt arbete - en kvalitativ intervjustudie kring konsultationsteam i dialektisk beteendeterapi (DBT)

Handledning anses idag vara av påtaglig vikt inom sociala yrken. Det anses kunna motverka djupgående psykologiska effekter som exempelvis utbrändhet hos yrkesutövaren. Det ses även som en kvalitetssäkring till att korrekt arbetssätt används och att fokus bibehålls till arbetsuppgiften. Denna studies syfte var att genom en grupp DBT terapeuters upplevelser dels kartlägga konsultationsteamets innebörd samt dess betydelse och de förutsättningar den ger terapeutens identitetsskapande process. Studien har utgjorts av en hermaneutisk empirisk fenomenologisk forskningsdesign och har via kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer fokuserat på att undersöka mening i varje utsaga. Utsagor vilka i sin tur speglat delar av en större berättelse kring fenomenet konsultationsteam. Resultatet påvisade att konsultationsteamet i omfattande utsträckning upplevs påverka de förutsättningar som ligger till grund för det terapeutiska arbetet. Teamet påverkar de roller och rollgränser som tillgängliggörs vilket ligger till grund för terapeutens skapande av en jag-identitet. Denna påverkan upplevs även variera beroende på vart i behandlingsprocessen utövaren är med patienten

Characterization of acetylated 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan isolated from aspen employing 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy

Water-soluble hemicelluloses were extracted from milled aspen wood (Populus tremula) employing microwave oven treatment at 180oC for 10 min. The final pH of this extract was 3.5. From this extract oligo- and polysaccharides were isolated and subsequently fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography. The structures of the saccharides in three of the fractions obtained were determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, using homonuclear and heteronuclear two-dimensional techniques. The polysaccharides present in the two fractions eluted first were O-acetyl-(4-O-methylglucurono)xylans. The average degree of acetylation of the xylose residues in these compounds was 0.6. The structural element ->4)[4-O-Me-α-d-GlcpA-(1->2)][3-O-Ac]-β-d-Xylp-(1-> could also be identified. On the average, these two xylans were composed of the following (1->4)-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl structural elements: unsubstituted (50 mol%), 2-O-acetylated (13 mol%), 3-O-acetylated (21 mol%), 2,3-di-O-acetylated (6 mol%) and [MeGlcA α-(1->2)][3-O-acetylated] (10 mol%). Most of the 4-O-methylglucuronyl and acetyl substituents in the isolated polysaccharides survived the microwave oven treatment. The third fraction, eluted last, contained acetylated xylo-oligosaccharides, with minor contamination by an acetylated mannan. In the case of these xylo-oligosaccharides, the average degree of acetylation was 0.3

Initial Characterization of Ethyl(hydroxyethyl) Cellulose Using Enzymic Degradation and Chromatographic Methods

Two different ethyl(hydroxyethyl) cellulose (EHEC) samples were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with multiangle light scattering (MALS) detection and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The aim of the study was to investigate the molar mass distribution and the heterogeneity of the substituent distribution, factors that are thought to affect the functional properties of EHEC. The presence of blocks of unsubstituted glucose units was studied by enzymic degradation of EHEC by two different endoglucanases from Trichoderma reesei. The SEC-MALS analysis of the hydrolysis products showed that both enzymes were strongly inhibited by the large number of substituents along the cellulose chain. However, as the weight-average molar mass was reduced from approximately 360 000 to 80 000 g/mol in one of the polymers and from 770 000 to 60 000 g/mol in the other polymer, it was suggested that both samples were composed of some unsubstituted regions where the enzymes got access to the glucosidic bonds. The amount of glucose released upon endoglucanase hydrolysis was determined by HPAEC-PAD, which gave information on the homogeneity of the substituent distribution. The production of unsubstituted glucose units indicated that one of the polymers had a more uneven distribution compared with the other. It was demonstrated that chemical characterization of EHEC is a complex task, which requires an analytical approach involving numerous different methods and techniques