Characterization of the coffee fruit detachment force in crop subjected to mechanized harvesting

In order to adjust the coffee harvester and to assist in deciding either whether or not to make a second pass of the harvester, fully or selectively, it is necessary to know some crop parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the coffee fruit detachment force in the green and cherry ripeness, under different plant positions and in four evaluation periods, throughout the harvest period between the first and second pass of harvester. The cultivar used was the Catuaí Amarelo IAC 144 aged eight years in spacing 3.8 x 0.9 m. Detachment force was determined by sampling using a portable digital dynamometer. The green ripeness stage showed superior detachment force than the cherry for all evaluation periods. The fruit detachment force for the green and cherry ripeness showed a decreasing behavior during the evaluation period, since the difference between the detachment forces of these fruits increased, thus guiding the type of harvest to be performed. Beyond the fruit detachment force difference, other parameters such as fruit ripening rate and crop load were essential for harvest management. Significant variations were identified in the fruit detachment force positioned in different parts of the coffee tree branches. The results also reinforce the relevance of characterizing the coffee fruit detachment force for harvester adjustments and management of the selective mechanized harvesting

Um estudo da prevalência e da caracterização da mortalidade em crianças e adolescentes por leucemia no Brasil

This article aims to characterize the prevalence of mortality from leukemia in children and adolescents in Brazil. It is an epidemiological study, of the ecological type, whose area analysis units were the regions of Brazil. Data from this study were of the secondary type, obtained through the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), from the Mortality Information System (SIM). For the investigation, children and adolescents, aged between zero and nineteen years old, with deaths in the period from 2017 to 2021, whose leukemia was the underlying cause mentioned in the Death Certificate by means of codes according to the tenth International Classification, were chosen. of Diseases. It is concluded that leukemia is the main cause of death in children and adolescents and the subtype Acute Lymphoid Leukemia represented by the ICD-91 is the most common among the cases of deaths notified in the Brazilian regions.  Este artigo tem por objetivo caracterizar a prevalência da mortalidade por leucemias em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, do tipo ecológico, cujas unidades de análise de área foram as regiões do Brasil. Os dados desse estudo foram do tipo secundário, obtidos através do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), provenientes do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para investigação elegeu-se, crianças e adolescentes, com faixa etária entre zero e dezenove anos, com óbitos no período de 2017 a 2021, cujo, a leucemia foi a causa básica mencionada na Declaração de Óbito por meios de códigos conforme a décima Classificação Internacional de Doenças. Conclui-se que a leucemia é a principal causa de morte em crianças e adolescentes e o subtipo Leucemia Linfoide Aguda representada pelo CID-91 é o mais comum entre os casos de óbitos notificados nas regiões brasileiras

Prototipo funcional de un sistema de clasificación para las cerezas de café castillo, en función de su etapa de maduración

Trabajo de InvestigaciónEn el siguiente proyecto de grado se desarrolla un prototipo funcional para la clasificación automatizada de café castillo en función de su etapa de maduración, el cual consta de un sensor de color RGB, una banda transportadora, un servomotor para el desvió de las cerezas de café y el microcontrolador atmega328p. Inicialmente se realiza una búsqueda de las tecnologías que se emplean para este proceso, posterior a esto se selecciona los dispositivos que se usaran, ya con esto, se hace el modelado 3D del prototipo en el software Autodesk Inventor, se simula el sistema en Proteus y se diseña el circuito impreso (PCB) en EasyEDA, después de esto se realiza la implementación del prototipo para finalmente hacer las pruebas de validación.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES 2. METODOLOGÍA 3. DESCRIPCIÓN ECONÓMICA DEL PROYECTO 4. CONCLUSIONES 5. RECOMENDACIONES Y TRABAJOS FUTUROS BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSPregradoIngeniero Electrónic

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Compatibilidade entre acaricidas e fertilizantes foliares em função de diferentes águas no controle do ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis Compatibility between acaricides and foliar fertilizers in different water resources for citrus leprosis mite control Brevipalpus phoenicis

A adição de fertilizantes foliares à calda acaricida é frequentemente empregada na citricultura com o intuito de reduzir os custos das aplicações. Todavia, as implicações desta prática, na maioria dos casos, são desconhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de caldas acaricidas em mistura com fertilizantes foliares e preparadas com diferentes águas no controle do ácaro B. phoenicis. Foram realizados dois experimentos em laboratório, nos anos de 2009 e 2010, utilizando-se de frutos de laranja para conter ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis. Um dos experimentos constou de três bioensaios, nos quais se procurou verificar o efeito das misturas entre fertilizantes foliares e os acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinatrhrin sobre B. phoenicis. No outro experimento, além de verificar o efeito das misturas de fertilizantes com os acaricidas propargite e acrinatrhrin, buscou-se também avaliar o efeito de águas coletadas em diferentes fontes utilizadas no preparo das caldas sobre B. phoenicis. Os resultados evidenciaram que a aplicação dos fertilizantes foliares cloreto de zinco, cloreto de manganês, ureia e a mistura de fosfito de potássio + ureia + cloreto de zinco não afetaram a ação dos acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinathrin sobre o controle de B. phoenicis. As misturas dos cloretos de zinco e de manganês com o sulfato de magnésio e a adição de fosfito de potássio diminuíram a eficiência dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathrin, não devendo, a princípio, ser adicionadas numa mesma aplicação. Águas provenientes dos municípios paulistas de Itápolis, Pirangi e Pirassununga interferiram na ação dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathin sobre B. phoenicis, sendo que a água coletada em Itápolis apresentou resultados superiores em termos de eficiência. Verificaram-se alterações dos valores de pH e da condutividade elétrica após a adição de alguns dos fertilizantes à calda acaricida.<br>The addition of foliar fertilizers to an acaricide spray tank is frequently used in citrus crop targeting to reduce application costs. However, its implications are unknown. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of acaricide spray mixed to foliar fertilizers and also prepared by different water resources for citrus mite control B. phoenicis. Two laboratory experiments were performed in 2009 and 2010, using B. phoenicis infested orange fruits. The first experiment was about three bio essays, which the purpose had been to evaluate the effect of leaf fertilizers and cyhexatin, propargite and acrinathrin acaricides blends into B. phoenicis control. In the second one, leaf fertilizers and propargite and acrinathrin acaricides blends were tested and, in addition, the evaluation of water resources effect into the spray preparation. The results presented that foliar fertilizers as zinc chloride; manganese chloride, urea and the mixture of potassium phosphite + urea + zinc chloride did not affect the cyhexatin, propargite and acrinathrin acaricide action into controlling B. phoenicis infestation. The zinc and manganese chloride mixtures with magnesium sulphate and the addition of potassium phosphite decreased some acaricides efficiency as propargite and acrinathrin, therefore, primarily, they must not be added at the same application. Water resources coming from Itápolis, Pirangi and Pirassununga interfered in the propargite and acrinathrin efficiency over B. phoenicis control, but the Itápolis water resource had shown better results. There was also observed a pH and electrical conductivity variation after some fertilizers addition into the spray water

Compatibilidade entre acaricidas e fertilizantes foliares em função de diferentes águas no controle do ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis

A adição de fertilizantes foliares à calda acaricida é frequentemente empregada na citricultura com o intuito de reduzir os custos das aplicações. Todavia, as implicações desta prática, na maioria dos casos, são desconhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de caldas acaricidas em mistura com fertilizantes foliares e preparadas com diferentes águas no controle do ácaro B. phoenicis. Foram realizados dois experimentos em laboratório, nos anos de 2009 e 2010, utilizando-se de frutos de laranja para conter ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis. Um dos experimentos constou de três bioensaios, nos quais se procurou verificar o efeito das misturas entre fertilizantes foliares e os acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinatrhrin sobre B. phoenicis. No outro experimento, além de verificar o efeito das misturas de fertilizantes com os acaricidas propargite e acrinatrhrin, buscou-se também avaliar o efeito de águas coletadas em diferentes fontes utilizadas no preparo das caldas sobre B. phoenicis. Os resultados evidenciaram que a aplicação dos fertilizantes foliares cloreto de zinco, cloreto de manganês, ureia e a mistura de fosfito de potássio + ureia + cloreto de zinco não afetaram a ação dos acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinathrin sobre o controle de B. phoenicis. As misturas dos cloretos de zinco e de manganês com o sulfato de magnésio e a adição de fosfito de potássio diminuíram a eficiência dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathrin, não devendo, a princípio, ser adicionadas numa mesma aplicação. Águas provenientes dos municípios paulistas de Itápolis, Pirangi e Pirassununga interferiram na ação dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathin sobre B. phoenicis, sendo que a água coletada em Itápolis apresentou resultados superiores em termos de eficiência. Verificaram-se alterações dos valores de pH e da condutividade elétrica após a adição de alguns dos fertilizantes à calda acaricida.The addition of foliar fertilizers to an acaricide spray tank is frequently used in citrus crop targeting to reduce application costs. However, its implications are unknown. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of acaricide spray mixed to foliar fertilizers and also prepared by different water resources for citrus mite control B. phoenicis. Two laboratory experiments were performed in 2009 and 2010, using B. phoenicis infested orange fruits. The first experiment was about three bio essays, which the purpose had been to evaluate the effect of leaf fertilizers and cyhexatin, propargite and acrinathrin acaricides blends into B. phoenicis control. In the second one, leaf fertilizers and propargite and acrinathrin acaricides blends were tested and, in addition, the evaluation of water resources effect into the spray preparation. The results presented that foliar fertilizers as zinc chloride; manganese chloride, urea and the mixture of potassium phosphite + urea + zinc chloride did not affect the cyhexatin, propargite and acrinathrin acaricide action into controlling B. phoenicis infestation. The zinc and manganese chloride mixtures with magnesium sulphate and the addition of potassium phosphite decreased some acaricides efficiency as propargite and acrinathrin, therefore, primarily, they must not be added at the same application. Water resources coming from Itápolis, Pirangi and Pirassununga interfered in the propargite and acrinathrin efficiency over B. phoenicis control, but the Itápolis water resource had shown better results. There was also observed a pH and electrical conductivity variation after some fertilizers addition into the spray water