Foraminifera and bacterial activity in oil spillimpacted mangrove, Guanabara Bay, Brazil

Abstrac

Development of a semi-quantitative pcr method using a plasmid cloned with part of the gb gene of cytomegalovirus

A infecção por citomegalovírus é disseminada em nosso meio e costuma acometer, com significante morbimortalidade, indivíduos imunodeprimidos, especialmente, transplantados de medula óssea e de rim bem como pacientes com AIDS. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o desenvolvimento de uma PCR semiquantitativa para detectar e quantificar cargas de CMV, presentes em materiais clínicos. Para tanto, inserimos em plasmídios PCR II (Invitrogen, USA), o fragmento com 296 pares-base do gene da glicoproteína B do CMV. Os plasmídios com inserto foram transfectados em Escherichia coli, multiplicados, verificados quanto à presença do inserto por seqüenciamento nucleotídico, purificados, e quantificados. Os plasmídios com inserto foram titulados em diluições decimais e as mesmas foram submetidas à PCR descrita anteriormente,que foi, também, utilizada nos testes semiquantitativos, permitindo determinar a sensibilidade da técnica, 867 cópias de CMV / mg de DNA. Com base nas densidades das bandas eletroforéticas dos amplicons de amostras clínicas, comparadas às da titulação de plasmídios contendo inserto de glicoproteína B do CMV, obtivemos as cargas virais. A técnica de PCR semiquantitativa, por nós padronizada, tem, como vantagens, o baixo custo e o fácil manuseio após sua padronização, podendo ser testada na detecção da carga de CMV em diferentes tipos de pacientes com suspeita de citomegalovirose.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are highly prevalent in Brazil. CMV is a caus ative of significant morbidity and mortality in immunodepressed patients including bone marrow and kidney transplanted individuals as well as AIDS patients. The present work shows on the development of a semi-quantitative PCR for determination of CMV load in clinical samples. A 296 nucleotides segment of the gB gene of CMV was inserted into PCR II plasmids (Invitrogen, USA), and these plasmids were transfected into Escherichia coli. After confirmation of the presence of the insert and multiplication, the plasmids were quantified in the original sample. Following, a titration of the cloned plasmids was carried out in order to determinate the sensitivity of the semiquantitative PCR using primers that anneal to the gB gene of CMV. That was 867 plasmid copies/mg of DNA. The CMV load in the leukocytes of clinical samples was determined after PCR, by comparison of densities of the amplicon bands with those of the quantified cloned plasmid titration. This is a is a simple and low cost CMV semi-quantitative PCR, and it could be used for detecting viral loads in clinical samples of patients infected with CMV.   &nbsp

Optical Imaging with a Cathepsin B Activated Probe for the Enhanced Detection of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Dual Channel Fluorescent Upper GI Endoscopy

Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma remains poor highlighting the importance of early detection. Although white light (WL) upper endoscopy can be used for screening of the esophagus, it has limited sensitivity for early stage disease. Thus, development of new imaging technology to improve the diagnostic capabilities of upper GI endoscopy for early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma is an important unmet need. The goal of this study was to develop a method for the detection of malignant lesions in the esophagus using WL upper endoscopy combined with near infrared (NIR) imaging with a protease activatable probe (Prosense750) selective for cathepsin B (CTSB). An orthotopic murine model for distal esophageal adenocarcinoma was generated through the implantation of OE-33 and OE-19 human esophageal adenocarcinoma lines in immunocompromised mice. The mice were imaged simultaneously for WL and NIR signal using a custom-built dual channel upper GI endoscope. The presence of tumor was confirmed by histology and target to background ratios (TBR) were compared for both WL and NIR imaging. NIR imaging with ProSense750 significantly improved upon the TBRs of esophageal tumor foci, with a TBR of 3.64$\pm$0.14 and 4.50$\pm$0.11 for the OE-33 and OE-19 tumors respectively, compared to 0.88$\pm$0.04 and 0.81$\pm$0.02 TBR for WL imaging. The combination of protease probes with novel imaging devices has the potential to improve esophageal tumor detection by fluorescently highlighting neoplastic regions

Genetic diversity of the E Protein of Dengue Type 3 Virus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dengue is the most important arbovirus disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The viral envelope (E) protein is responsible for cell receptor binding and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of the E protein gene of DENV-3. E protein gene sequences of 20 new viruses isolated in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, and 427 sequences retrieved from GenBank were aligned for diversity and phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Comparison of the E protein gene sequences revealed the presence of 47 variable sites distributed in the protein; most of those amino acids changes are located on the viral surface. The phylogenetic analysis showed the distribution of DENV-3 in four genotypes. Genotypes I, II and III revealed internal groups that we have called lineages and sub-lineages. All amino acids that characterize a group (genotype, lineage, or sub-lineage) are located in the 47 variable sites of the E protein.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results provide information about the most frequent amino acid changes and diversity of the E protein of DENV-3.</p

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Central Plateau, Southeastern, and Southern Brazil

This syndrome is an increasing health problem because of human encroachment into habitats of rodent reservoirs

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or Chlamydophila pneumoniae inoculation causing different aggravations in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in apoE KO male mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Chamydophila pneumoniae </it>(CP) and/or <it>Mycoplasma pneumoniae </it>(MP) are two bacteria detected in vulnerable atheromas. In this study we aimed to analyze whether CP and/or MP aggravates atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet in C57BL/6 apoE KO male mice. Thirty male apoE KO mice aged eight weeks fed by a diet containing 1% cholesterol until 32 weeks of age were divided into four groups: the first was inoculated with CP (n = 7), the second with MP (n = 12), the third with both CP + MP (n = 5), and the fourth with saline (sham n = 6). The animals were re-inoculated at 36 weeks of age, and sacrificed at 40 weeks of age. Two ascending aorta and one aortic arch segments were sampled. In the most severely obstructed segment, vessel diameter, plaque height, percentage of luminal obstruction and the degree of adventitial inflammation were analyzed. The plaque area/intimal surface ratio was obtained by measuring all three segments. The adventitial inflammation was semiquantified (0 absent, 1 mild, 2 moderate, and 3 diffuse).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean and standard deviation of plaque height, % luminal obstruction, external diameter, the plaque area/intimal surface ratio and the adventitial inflammation values are the following for each group: MP (0.20 +/- 0.12 mm, 69 +/- 26%, 0.38 +/- 0.11 mm, 0.04 +/- 0.04 and 0.22 +/- 0.67), CP (0.23 +/- 0.08 mm, 90 +/- 26%, 0.37 +/- 0.08 mm, 0.04 +/- 0.03, and 0.44 +/- 0.53), MP + CP (18 +/- 0.08 mm, 84 +/- 4.0%, 0.35 +/- 0.25 mm, 0.03 +/- 0.03 and 1.33 +/- 0.82) and sham (0.08 +/- 0.09 mm, 42 +/- 46%, 0.30 +/- 0.10 mm, 0.02 +/- 0.03 and 0.71 ± 0.76). A wider area of plaque/intimal surface was observed in MP + CP inoculated groups (p = 0.07 and 0.06) as well as an increased plaque height in CP (p = 0.01) in comparison with sham group. There was also an increased luminal obstruction (p = 0.047) in CP inoculated group in comparison to sham group. Adventitial inflammation in MP + CP inoculated group was higher than MP, CP and the sham groups (p = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Inoculation of CP, MP or both agents in C57BL/6 apoE KO male mice caused aggravation of experimental atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet, with distinct characteristics. CP inoculation increased the plaque height with positive vessel remodeling and co-inoculation of MP + CP caused the highest adventitial inflammation measures.</p

Mayaro Virus Infection in Amazonia: A Multimodel Inference Approach to Risk Factor Assessment

Background: Arboviral diseases are major global public health threats. Yet, our understanding of infection risk factors is, with a few exceptions, considerably limited. A crucial shortcoming is the widespread use of analytical methods generally not suited for observational data - particularly null hypothesis-testing (NHT) and step-wise regression (SWR). Using Mayaro virus (MAYV) as a case study, here we compare information theory-based multimodel inference (MMI) with conventional analyses for arboviral infection risk factor assessment. Methodology/Principal Findings: A cross-sectional survey of anti-MAYV antibodies revealed 44% prevalence (n = 270 subjects) in a central Amazon rural settlement. NHT suggested that residents of village-like household clusters and those using closed toilet/latrines were at higher risk, while living in non-village-like areas, using bednets, and owning fowl, pigs or dogs were protective. The "minimum adequate" SWR model retained only residence area and bednet use. Using MMI, we identified relevant covariates, quantified their relative importance, and estimated effect-sizes (beta +/- SE) on which to base inference. Residence area (beta(Village) = 2.93 +/- 0.41; beta(Upland) = -0.56 +/- 0.33, beta(Riverbanks) = -2.37 +/- 0.55) and bednet use (beta = -0.95 +/- 0.28) were the most important factors, followed by crop-plot ownership (beta = 0.39 +/- 0.22) and regular use of a closed toilet/latrine (beta = 0.19 +/- 0.13); domestic animals had insignificant protective effects and were relatively unimportant. The SWR model ranked fifth among the 128 models in the final MMI set. Conclusions/Significance: Our analyses illustrate how MMI can enhance inference on infection risk factors when compared with NHT or SWR. MMI indicates that forest crop-plot workers are likely exposed to typical MAYV cycles maintained by diurnal, forest dwelling vectors; however, MAYV might also be circulating in nocturnal, domestic-peridomestic cycles in village-like areas. This suggests either a vector shift (synanthropic mosquitoes vectoring MAYV) or a habitat/habits shift (classical MAYV vectors adapting to densely populated landscapes and nocturnal biting); any such ecological/adaptive novelty could increase the likelihood of MAYV emergence in Amazonia.International Development Research Center (IDRC), CanadaInternational Development Research Center (IDRC), CanadaFiocruzFapeam agreement, BrazilFiocruz-Fapeam agreement, Brazi