Ischemic preconditioning improves autonomic modulation after session of resistance exercise / Pré-condicionamento isquêmico melhora a modulação autonômica após sessão de exercício resistido

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a session of resistance exercise (RE) for upper and lower limbs on the heart rate variability (HRV) in normotensive and trained men. sixteen normotensive and trained men visit the laboratory in five sessions in non-consecutive days. The first two sessions subjects performed one repetition maximum (RM) test and retest, and the next three visits they performed the experimental protocols: a) RE (CON), b) IPC+RE (IPC), c) SHAM+RE (SHAM). RE were performed in 3 sets at 80% 1RM until concentric failure. IPC consisted of 4x5-mins of vascular occlusion at 220 mmHg alternating with 5-min of reperfusion. SHAM protocol followed the same IPC method with 20mmHg vascular occlusion. A significant decrease in LF­nu and RMSSDms (p=0.001) was found from baseline for IPC, SHAM, and CON. A significant increase in HFnu and LF/HF (p=0.001) was found from baseline for IPC, SHAM, and CON. A significant decrease in LF­nu and LF/HF was observed from 60-min post for IPC vs. SHAM and IPC vs. CON (p<0.05). A significant increase in HFnu was observed from 60-min post for IPC vs. SHAM and IPC vs. CON (p<0.05). A significant increase in RMSSDms was found from post-60 for IPC vs. SHAM (p < 0.05). RE followed IPC shows significantly improvements in the autonomic cardiac modulation, accelerating the autonomic recovery after the RE session, by increasing the vagal activity and reducing the sympathetic activation when compared to RE and SHAM protocols

Efeito agudo do precondicionamento isquêmico aplicado antes de testes de força isométrica e endurance mucular sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas em homens treinados / Acute effect of ischemic preconditioning applied before isometric strength and muscular endurance tests on hemodynamic variables in trained men

O pré-condicionamento isquêmico (PCI) é um procedimento que consiste na aplicação de um aparelho para a oclusão vascular (OV), alternando momentos de OV e reperfusão. O PCI é um método de trabalho empregado para bloquear o fluxo sanguíneo de maneira remota e não invasiva, através de um torniquete pneumático antes de realização de um exercício. Diversos estudos têm investigado os efeitos do PCI no desempenho esportivo e muscular. Entretanto, poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos do PCI sobre as respostas hemodinâmicas após o exercício. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito agudo do PCI aplicado antes de testes de força isométrica e de endurance muscular sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC), duplo produto (DP), pressão arterial média (PAM) e saturação de oxigênio (SPO2) em homens treinados. A amostra foi composta por 12 indivíduos saudáveis, treinados recreacionalmente.  O estudo foi realizado em um total de 3 visitas em dias não consecutivos (3 a 7 dias de intervalo). Durante a primeira visita ao laboratório foram assinalados os Termos de Consentimentos Livres e Esclarecidos (TCLE), de acordo com a declaração de Helsinki, em seguida, respondidos os Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire / PAR-Q, imediatamente após foram avaliados a antropometria e em seguida uma familiarização com os testes e o método. Na segunda e terceira visita os voluntários foram divididos aleatoriamente com entrada contrabalanceada e alternada, nos seguintes protocolos experimentais:a) PCI + testes de força isométrica e testes de endurance muscular (PCI); b) protocolo controle (CON) testes de força isométrica e testes de endurance muscular, logo após os foram mensuradas as variáveis hemodinâmicas. Os resultados motraram que as respostas da PAS, PAD, FC, DP, PAM e SPO2 não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os protocolos PCI e CON (p> 0.05). A PAS foi significativamente maior no PCI comparando o momento pré vs. pós (p=0.01).  A FC foi significativamente maior, comparando pré vs. pós, no PCI (p=0.01) e no CON (p=0.01). O DP foi significativamente maior, comparando pré vs. pós, no PCI (p=0.01) e no CON (p=0.01). A PAMnão apresentou diferenças significativas, comparando pré vs. pós, nos protocolos PCI e CON (p>0.05). A SPO2 não apresentou diferenças significativas, comparando pré vs. pós, nos protocolos PCI e CON (p>0.05). Em conclusão, nossos achados demonstraram que aplicação do PCI antes de teste de força isométrica e de endurance muscular não alteraram significativamente as respostas hemodinâmicas (PAS, PAD, FC, DP, PAM e SPO2) em homens treinados.

Metagenomic analysis of a tropical composting operation at the São Paulo Zoo Park reveals diversity of biomass degradation functions and organisms.

Composting operations are a rich source for prospection of biomass degradation enzymes. We have analyzed the microbiomes of two composting samples collected in a facility inside the Sao Paulo Zoo Park, in Brazil. All organic waste produced in the park is processed in this facility, at a rate of four tons/day. Total DNA was extracted and sequenced with Roche/454 technology, generating about 3 million reads per sample. To our knowledge this work is the first report of a composting whole-microbial community using high-throughput sequencing and analysis. The phylogenetic profiles of the two microbiomes analyzed are quite different, with a clear dominance of members of the Lactobacillus genus in one of them. We found a general agreement of the distribution of functional categories in the Zoo compost metagenomes compared with seven selected public metagenomes of biomass deconstruction environments, indicating the potential for different bacterial communities to provide alternative mechanisms for the same functional purposes. Our results indicate that biomass degradation in this composting process, including deconstruction of recalcitrant lignocellulose, is fully performed by bacterial enzymes, most likely by members of the Clostridiales and Actinomycetales orders.FAPESP 2009/52030-5RCNPqCAPE

Detection and identification of Xanthomonas pathotypes associated with citrus diseases using comparative genomics and multiplex PCR.

Background. In Citrus cultures, three species of Xanthomonas are known to cause distinct diseases. X. citri subsp. citri patothype A, X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii pathotypes B and C, and X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis, are the causative agents of cancrosis A, B, C, and citrus bacterial spots, respectively. Although these species exhibit different levels of virulence and aggressiveness, only limited alternatives are currently available for proper and early detection of these diseases in the fields. The present study aimed to develop a new molecular diagnostic method based on genomic sequences derived from the four species of Xanthomonas. Results. Using comparative genomics approaches, primers were synthesized for the identification of the four causative agents of citrus diseases. These primers were validated for their specificity to their target DNA by both conventional and multiplex PCR. Upon evaluation, their sensitivity was found to be 0.02 ng/?l in vitro and 1.5 ? 104 CFU ml?1 in infected leaves. Additionally, none of the primers were able to generate amplicons in 19 other genomes of Xanthomonas not associated with Citrus and one species of Xylella, the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). This denotes strong specificity of the primers for the different species of Xanthomonas investigated in this study. Conclusions. We demonstrated that these markers can be used as potential candidates for performing in vivo molecular diagnosis exclusively for citrus-associated Xanthomonas. The bioinformatics pipeline developed in this study to design specific genomic regions is capable of generating specific primers. It is freely available and can be utilized for any other model organism

The impact of introducing a videolaryngoscope in the initial training of laryngoscopy for undergraduate medical students: a simulation randomized trial

Introduction: Adequate and continuous airway management by health professionals is fundamental to ensure patient safety and protection. Among several techniques, laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation is considered a basic skill, so it is taught and learned in medical school and used during the future years of professional practice. However, in some clinical scenarios, physical and anatomical characteristics can make laryngoscopy exceedingly difficult. In the last decade, some new devices have emerged to apply indirect or video-assisted imaging systems, so-called videolaryngoscopes. They have shown great efficiency in difficult intubation cases and have improved teaching and training. Our study introduced a videolaryngoscope, the McGrath... MAC, in the regular laryngoscopy training rotation for 3rd-year undergraduate medical students and evaluated whether there was any associated optimization of the students... performance. Method: Students from two different classes and years (2017 and 2018) were randomly divided into two groups and received theoretical and practical training in the techniques of Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) and Videolaryngoscopy (VL). The students in each group applied the manoeuvres and simulated three tracheal intubation attempts on mannequins. They were evaluated for their success rate on the first attempt, the time required to finalize the intubation, and the visualization of the glottic structures according to the classification of Cormack-Lehane (C&L). Results: Two hundred and four students with an average age of 21.ß...ß2 years participated in the study; the groups were similar. There was a significant difference between the VL and DL groups in the 1st attempt success rate (97% and 89.4%, respectively, p.ß=.ß0.0497 ... 95% CI), but such a difference was not seen for the other attempts or regarding the number of oesophageal intubations (3% and 7.7%). The students in the VL group were faster than those in the DL group in all intubation attempts; in parallel, the vast majority of the VL group reported excellent visualization conditions, with 75% of the attempts classified as Cormack-Lehane grade 1. Conclusion: The introduction of a videolaryngoscope in medical students... training improved the visualization of anatomical structures and allowed tracheal intubation maneuvers to be performed faster and with a higher success rate on the first attempt. Thus, under the conditions of this prospective study, the videolaryngoscope had a positive impact on training and proved to be a promising tool for teaching laryngoscopy

Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Handgrip Strength and Functional Capacity in Active Elderly Women

Background: Aging decreases some capacities in older adults, sarcopenia being one of the common processes that occur and that interfered with strength capacity. The present study aimed to verify the acute effect of IPC on isometric handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women. Methods: In a single-blind, placebo-controlled design, 16 active elderly women (68.1 ± 7.6 years) were randomly performed on three separate occasions a series of tests: (1) alone (control, CON); (2) after IPC (3 cycles of 5-min compression/5-min reperfusion at 15 mmHg above systolic blood pressure, IPC); and (3) after placebo compressions (SHAM). Testing included a handgrip isometric strength test (HIST) and three functional tests (FT): 30 s sit and stand up from a chair (30STS), get up and go time (TUG), and 6 min walk distance test (6MWT). Results: HIST significantly increased in IPC (29.3 ± 6.9 kgf) compared to CON (27.3 ± 7.1 kgf; 7.1% difference; p = 0.01), but not in SHAM (27.7 ± 7.9; 5.5%; p = 0.16). The 30STS increased in IPC (20.1 ± 4.1 repetitions) compared to SHAM (18.5 ± 3.5 repetitions; 8.7%; p = 0.01) and CON (18.5 ± 3.9 repetitions; 8.6%; p = 0.01). TUG was significantly lower in IPC (5.70 ± 1.35 s) compared to SHAM (6.14 ± 1.37 s; −7.2%; p = 0.01), but not CON (5.91 ± 1.45 s; −3.7%; p = 0.24). The 6MWT significantly increased in IPC (611.5 ± 93.8 m) compared to CON (546.1 ± 80.5 m; 12%; p = 0.02), but not in SHAM (598.7 ± 67.6 m; 2.1%; p = 0.85). Conclusions: These data suggest that IPC can promote acute improvements in handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women