A invenção como ofício: as máquinas de preparo e benefício do café no século XIX

The article studies the Brazilian coffee-growing society from the point of view of the generation of inventions and machine innovations aimed at the preparation and processing of coffee beans in the period between 1860 and 1882. Under the protection of the 1830 Patents Law, the machinistas developed their inventions and submitted them to the National Industry Auxiliary Society (Sociedade Auxiliadora da Indústria Nacional - SAIN) for the concession of industrial privilege and later manufacture and commercialization. It is demonstrated how the coffee machinery developed by these inventors-entrepreneurs in Brazil brought to the slave-labour coffee plantation the technological update of agricultural machines existing in the industrial countries and how that has propitiated an improvement in the quality of large-scale coffee bean processing. This fact has made possible not only the consolidation of the country as the largest exporter in the international market, but has also has allowed for changes in the productive structure of the slave-labour plantations.Aborda-se a sociedade cafeeira brasileira sob o aspecto da geração de invenções e inovações de máquinas destinadas ao preparo e benefício do café no período de 1860 a 1882. Sob a proteção da Lei de Patentes de 1830, os machinistas desenvolviam seus inventos, que eram examinados pela Sociedade Auxiliadora da Indústria Nacional (SAIN) para concessão do privilégio industrial e posterior fabricação e comercialização. Demonstra-se como as máquinas de café desenvolvidas por estes inventores-empresários no Brasil trouxeram para a fazenda cafeeira escravista a atualização tecnológica de máquinas agrícolas existentes nos países industriais e propiciaram uma melhoria de qualidade do benefício em grandes quantidades de café. Tal fato tornou possível não só a consolidação do país como maior exportador no mercado internacional, mas permitiu alterações na estrutura produtiva das fazendas escravistas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio