Sistematização da análise do modelo de negócios no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos

O design de produtos no cenário contemporâneo adquiriu responsabilidades estratégicas para o sucesso dos negócios. O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos deve buscar interpretar estratégias corporativas para que o contexto final da solução do projeto apresente viabilidade mercadológica, produtiva, econômica e ambiental. Entretanto, as equipes de desenvolvimento de produtos possuem dificuldades para analisar o modelo de negócio onde o produto estará inserido. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi propor um artefato que auxilie a integração da análise do modelo de negócios ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos de forma sistematizada. Para tanto, foi realizada revisão da literatura sobre processos de desenvolvimento de produtos e modelo de negócios a fim de encontrar modelos de referência para a construção da ferramenta. O modelo de PDP proposto por Rozenfeld et al. e a ferramenta Business Model Canvas foram utilizados como base contextual para construção do artefato. Para a continuidade do desenvolvimento foi necessário explorar a Teoria Geral da Administração em busca de ferramentas cientificamente reconhecidas, que auxiliem gestores no processo de tomada de decisão e resolução de problemas. A Gestão da Qualidade Total reúne uma gama de ferramentas com este fim, que foram reconhecidas e classificadas definindo três para utilização na construção do artefato. O diagrama de causa-efeito, árvore de decisão e matriz QFD (Quality Function Deployment) foram utilizadas facilitando o reconhecimento das peculiaridades do problema e sua estruturação. Também foi realizada revisão da literatura em publicações científicas internacionais a fim de conhecer a relação entre design de produto e modelo de negócio no cenário acadêmico recente. Esta relação foi fortemente encontrada em publicações com ênfase na economia circular, abordando temas como sistemas de produto-serviço (product service system, PSS) e servitização (servitization). O modelo “8 Caminhos para a Sustentabilidade” foi utilizado para definir tipologias de negócios, a fim de estimular a análise do ciclo de vida de produtos. O resultado do processo de desenvolvimento foi a matriz PBMA (Product Business Model Analysis), uma ferramenta que tem como objetivo analisar a relação do produto com os demais elementos do Business Model, a fim de compreender, definir e priorizar estratégias para o desenvolvimento da solução de projeto. A matriz PBMA foi submetida a uma avaliação experimental através da simulação de necessidade de desenvolvimento de produto aplicando a ferramenta na etapa inicial do modelo de PDP. Foi possível observar que a ferramenta proporcionou contribuições relevantes para o desenvolvimento do produto, como: o conhecimento da tipologia do modelo de negócios, o nível de inovação da proposta de valor, a relevância das características do produto para cada elemento do Business Model, entre outras informações estratégicas que contribuem para a viabilidade do produto a ser desenvolvido.Product design in the contemporary setting has acquired strategic responsibilities for business success. The product development process must interpret corporate strategies in order that the final context of the design solution result market, productive, economic and environmental viability. However, product development teams have difficulties to analyse the business model where the product will be inserted. In this sense, the objective of this research was to propose an artifact that helps the integration of business model analysis in the Product Development Process (PDP) stages using a systematic way. To this end, a literature review on product development processes and business model was conducted to find reference models for the construction of the tool. The PDP model proposed by Rozenfeld et al. and the Business Model Canvas tool were used as a contextual basis for the artifact construction. To continue the development it was necessary to explore the General Theory of Administration in search of scientifically recognized tools that help managers in the decision process and problem solving process. Total Quality Management brings a range of tools for this purpose, which have been recognized and classified by defining three for use to artifact construction. The cause-effect diagram, tree decision and QFD (Quality Function Deployment) matrix were used to facilitate the recognition of the peculiarities of the problem and its structure. A literature review was also performed in international scientific publications in order to know the relationship between product design and business model in the recent academic scenario. This relationship has been strongly found in publications with an emphasis on circular economics, addressing topics such as product service system (PSS) and servitization. The “8 Paths to Sustainability” model was used to define business typologies in order to stimulate product life cycle analysis. The result of the development process was the PBMA (Product Business Model Analysis) matrix, a tool that aims to analyze the relationship of the product with the other elements of the BM, in order to understand, define and prioritize strategies for the development of the design solution. The PBMA matrix was subjected to an experimental evaluation by simulating the need for product development by applying the tool in the initial stage of the PDP model. It was observed that the tool provided relevant contributions to product development, such as: knowledge of the business model typology, the level of innovation of the value proposition, the relevance of the product characteristics for each business model element, among other strategic information that contribute to the viability of the product to be developed

Sistema e processo de encaixe para elementos estruturais e mobília montável

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulArquiteturaDepositad

Correlations between Risk Factors for Breast Cancer and Genetic Instability in Cancer Patients- A Clinical Perspective Study

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Molecular epidemiological studies have identified several risk factors linking to the genes and external factors in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. In this sense, genetic instability caused by DNA damage and DNA repair inefficiencies are important molecular events for the diagnosis and prognosis of therapies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze correlation between sociocultural, occupational, and lifestyle risk factors with levels of genetic instability in non-neoplastic cells of breast cancer patients. Total 150 individuals were included in the study that included 50 breast cancer patients submitted to chemotherapy (QT), 50 breast cancer patients submitted to radiotherapy (RT), and 50 healthy women without any cancer. Cytogenetic biomarkers for apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated in samples of buccal epithelial and peripheral blood cells through micronuclei and comet assay tests. Elder age patients (61–80 years) had higher levels of apoptosis (catriolysis by karyolysis) and DNA damage at the diagnosis (baseline damage) with increased cell damage during QT and especially during RT. We also reported the increased frequencies of cytogenetic biomarkers in patients who were exposed to ionizing radiation as well as for alcoholism and smoking. QT and RT induced high levels of fragmentation (karyorrhexis) and nuclear dissolution (karyolysis) and DNA damage. Correlations were observed between age and karyorrhexis at diagnosis; smoking and karyolysis during RT; and radiation and karyolysis during QT. These correlations indicate that risk factors may also influence the genetic instability in non-neoplastic cells caused to the patients during cancer therapies

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio