Production Response and Digestive Enzymatic Activity of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) Intensively Pregrown in Microbial Heterotrophic and Autotrophic-Based Systems

Shrimp postlarvae were reared into different microcosm systems without water exchange; a traditional system based on simple fertilization to improve microalgae concentration (control), an autotrophic system (AS) based on the promotion of biofloc and biofilm by the addition of fertilizer and artificial substrates and a heterotrophic system (HS) based on the promotion of heterotrophic bacteria by the addition of nitrogenous and carbonaceous sources and artificial substrates. Better growth performance and survival were registered in shrimp from the AS and HS compared to the control. Feed conversion ratios were below 0.7 for all treatments, but AS and HS were significantly lower than the control. Regarding digestive performance, no significant differences were observed for trypsin, amylase and lipase activities among AS and control shrimp; however, shrimp from HS showed a higher trypsin and amylase activities, suggesting a higher digestive activity caused by the presence of microbial bioflocs. The presence of biofilm and bioflocs composed by either autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms in combination with formulated feed improved the growth performance and survival of shrimp. Apparently, such combination fits the nutritional requirements of shrimp

Apparent dry matter and protein digestibility of vegetal and animal ingredients and diets for pre-adult Australian redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens 1858)

Apparent dry matter and protein digestibility of four animal and three vegetal ingredients and diets with them included, were evaluated for pre-adult Cherax quadricarinatus. The ingredients were: two sardine meals (67% and 58% crude protein), squid meal, red crab meal, soy paste, textured wheat, and sorghum meal. A reference and seven experimental diets were formulated including 14.5% of each ingredient in the reference diet, and 0.5% of chromic oxide as a marker. Vegetal ingredients and the corresponding diets, had higher digestibility than animal ingredients. Textured wheat, soy paste, and sorghum meals showed an excellent dry matter/digestibility (> 86%). The digestibility of protein was better in textured wheat, and soy paste meals (> 87%). Some animal ingredients such as, squid meal, and sardine meal 67% CP, had acceptable dry matter digestibility (over 65%). It is concluded that pre-adult redclaw is omnivorous and able to efficiently consume vegetal and animal ingredients, but they can digest better the vegetal ingredients

Kwapa: Gente del río. Estrategias transmedia de impacto social

El PAP Alter Código, período Primavera 2023, trabajó con los dos proyectos que se han venido trabajando en semestres anteriores: el videojuego A Orillas del río y el documental Déjennos pescar. Ambos proyectos parten de la metodología interdisciplinaria y colaborativa con miembros de la comunidad Cucapá para crear representaciones audiovisuales no estigmatizantes, que detonen el sentido de comunidad y refuercen su acervo cultural. El videojuego A Orillas del río es del género point and click, de vista isométrica, el cual está inspirado en el cuento oral tradicional El zorro y el coyote, que busca ser una herramienta lúdica de aprendizaje para reforzar el aprendizaje de la lengua Cucapá en los niños. Los resultados obtenidos fueron el demo del nivel uno (escenas uno y dos); colorimetría, arcos de personajes principales; programación de minijuegos. Dentro del documental ‘Déjennos pescar’ los resultados fueron un montaje, una clasificación del material grabado con transcripciones de audio, mientras que en la parte de estrategia de impacto se creó un manual de uso de redes sociales con colorimetría, tipografía, estilo de voz, tipo de contenido según la red social, para los futuros integrantes del equipo.ITESO, A.C

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Balance de nitrógeno en cultivos intensivos de Litopenaeus vannamei en mesocosmos, sin recambios de agua y con sustratos artificiales

After 29 days without water exchanges, 55% of the total nitrogen (N) inputs were retained as shrimp biomass in 1 m3 cultures of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with artificial substrates (Aquamats®), in comparison to 37.2 to 44.8% without Aquamats. The N discharged with the effluent was 1.8-2.3% of the inputs, and the sediments contained 35.9-37.3% of the N inputs without Aquamats and 14.7 to 13.6% with Aquamats. In these, close to 16% of the N inputs were in the periphyton, indicating that additional substrates are an attractive alternative for nutrient recycling in shrimp farms operating as closed systems

Proteínas transmembranales de organismos tipo rickettsia (OTR) en animales acuáticos: Factores de adherencia, invasión e infección

Besides participating in the transport of essential compounds and as recipients of phages, transmembrane proteins of rickettsia-like organisms (RLO), play an important role in the infection process of commercially important organisms such as fish, mollusk and crustaceans. Recently a new classification of RLO which divides them into four groups was reported: ancestral, typhus, the spotted fever and transitional. To date, only the typhus (TG) and spotted fever (SFG) groups have been reported as pathogenic of marine organisms. The outer membrane surface of the TG group has antigens type 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 (Sca0, Sca1, Sca2, Sca4, Sca5). Sca0 are also known as outer membrane proteins A (OmpA) and Sca5 as outer membrane proteins B (OmpB). Other outer membrane proteins such as enzymes called translocase (Tlc) have been detected, including translocase 1, 4 and 5 (Tlc1, Tlc4 and Tlc5). All these proteins (except for Sca0) have been detected in the SFG group. These proteins vary in features and functions. However, the information of RLO affecting marine organisms is not as common as that of terrestrial mammals. An analysis of the state of the art on the study of transmembrane proteins of RLO in marine organisms is performed in this review; additionally, the hypothetical infection mechanism of these RLO is inferred by using this information together with that reported of RLO affecting terrestrial organisms.Las proteínas transmembranales de organismos tipo rickettsia (OTR) además de participar en el transporte de compuestos esenciales y como receptoras de fagos, desempeñan un papel importante en el proceso de infección sobre organismos de importancia comercial como peces, moluscos y crustáceos. Recientemente se dio a conocer una nueva clasificación de los OTR la cual los divide en cuatro grupos: ancestral, tifo, de la fiebre manchada y transicional. Hasta el momento, solo los grupos tifo y de la fiebre manchada (TG y SFG, por sus siglas en inglés ‘Typhus Group’ y ‘Spotted Fever Group’) han sido reportados como patogénicos de organismos acuáticos. El grupo TG posee en su membrana externa antígenos celulares de superficie tipo 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 (Sca0, Sca1, Sca2, Sca4, Sca5, por sus siglas en inglés Surface cell antigens). Sca0 también es conocido como proteína transmembranal A y Sca5 como proteína transmembranal B (OmpA y OmpB, por sus siglas en inglés ‘Outer Membrane Protein’). Además se han encontrado en esta membrana externa algunas enzimas llamadas translocasas (Tlc) entre las cuales se encuentran la traslocasa 1, 4 y 5 (Tlc1, Tlc4 y Tlc5). En el grupo SFG también se han detectado estas proteínas con excepción de Sca0. Estas proteínas varían en cuanto a características y funciones. Sin embargo, la información de OTR que afectan organismos acuáticos, no es tan común como en mamíferos terrestres. En esta revisión se hace un análisis del estado del arte del estudio de proteínas transmembranales de OTR en organismos acuáticos y se contrasta con la información reportada respecto a OTR de origen terrestre, con el objetivo de inferir el posible mecanismo de infección de este tipo de patógenos

Proteínas transmembranales de organismos tipo rickettsia (OTR) en animales acuáticos: Factores de adherencia, invasión e infección

Besides participating in the transport of essential compounds and as recipients of phages, transmembrane proteins of rickettsia-like organisms (RLO), play an important role in the infection process of commercially important organisms such as fish, mollusk and crustaceans. Recently a new classification of RLO which divides them into four groups was reported: ancestral, typhus, the spotted fever and transitional. To date, only the typhus (TG) and spotted fever (SFG) groups have been reported as pathogenic of marine organisms. The outer membrane surface of the TG group has antigens type 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 (Sca0, Sca1, Sca2, Sca4, Sca5). Sca0 are also known as outer membrane proteins A (OmpA) and Sca5 as outer membrane proteins B (OmpB). Other outer membrane proteins such as enzymes called translocase (Tlc) have been detected, including translocase 1, 4 and 5 (Tlc1, Tlc4 and Tlc5). All these proteins (except for Sca0) have been detected in the SFG group. These proteins vary in features and functions. However, the information of RLO affecting marine organisms is not as common as that of terrestrial mammals. An analysis of the state of the art on the study of transmembrane proteins of RLO in marine organisms is performed in this review; additionally, the hypothetical infection mechanism of these RLO is inferred by using this information together with that reported of RLO affecting terrestrial organisms.Las proteínas transmembranales de organismos tipo rickettsia (OTR) además de participar en el transporte de compuestos esenciales y como receptoras de fagos, desempeñan un papel importante en el proceso de infección sobre organismos de importancia comercial como peces, moluscos y crustáceos. Recientemente se dio a conocer una nueva clasificación de los OTR la cual los divide en cuatro grupos: ancestral, tifo, de la fiebre manchada y transicional. Hasta el momento, solo los grupos tifo y de la fiebre manchada (TG y SFG, por sus siglas en inglés `Typhus Group' y `Spotted Fever Group') han sido reportados como patogénicos de organismos acuáticos. El grupo TG posee en su membrana externa antígenos celulares de superficie tipo 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 (Sca0, Sca1, Sca2, Sca4, Sca5, por sus siglas en inglés Surface cell antigens). Sca0 también es conocido como proteína transmembranal A y Sca5 como proteína transmembranal B (OmpA y OmpB, por sus siglas en inglés `Outer Membrane Protein'). Además se han encontrado en esta membrana externa algunas enzimas llamadas translocasas (Tlc) entre las cuales se encuentran la traslocasa 1, 4 y 5 (Tlc1, Tlc4 y Tlc5). En el grupo SFG también se han detectado estas proteínas con excepción de Sca0. Estas proteínas varían en cuanto a características y funciones. Sin embargo, la información de OTR que afectan organismos acuáticos, no es tan común como en mamíferos terrestres. En esta revisión se hace un análisis del estado del arte del estudio de proteínas transmembranales de OTR en organismos acuáticos y se contrasta con la información reportada respecto a OTR de origen terrestre, con el objetivo de inferir el posible mecanismo de infección de este tipo de patógenos

Estudios de la capacidad de biorremediación de efluentes de camarón de la almeja negra adulta, Chione fluctifraga

The black clam, Chione fluctifraga, can be used to bioremediate discharge effluents produced by shrimp aquaculture. With such purpose we evaluated during 77 days, the effect of two densities of clams (12.5 and 25·specimens m-2) and a control (0·m-2) on the water quality of raw effluents from a semi-intensive culture of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei; 25 m-2). Parameters such as total suspended solids (TSS), organic suspended solids (OSS), total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in raw effluents, control, treatments and estuary (water source for shrimp culture). The TSS and OSS diminished in control and treatments, compared with untreated effluents. The TSS and OSS decreased over time with no significant difference observed among the treatments during the first 22 days of trial. However, treatments had a greater decrease of TSS and OSS levels at days 48 and 77 compared with the control. TAN recorded the lowest levels in both treatments, followed by control and effluents respectively; no significant differences were observed for TN. The results indicate that Chione fluctifraga has ability as biorremediator and it does survive well in shrimp pond effluents.La almeja negra, Chione fluctifraga, puede ser utilizada para biorremediar efluentes de descarga en cultivos de camarón. Con este propósito se evaluó durante 77 días, el efecto de dos densidades de almeja (12,5 y 25 especímenes m-2) y un control (0 m-2) sobre la calidad de agua de efluentes crudos de un cultivo semi-intensivo de camarón (Litopenaeus vannamei; 25 m-2). Parámetros tales como, sólidos suspendidos totales (TSS), sólidos orgánicos suspendidos (OSS), nitrógeno amoniacal total (TAN) y nitrógeno total (TN) fueron medidos en los efluentes crudos, control, tratamientos y agua del estuario (fuente de agua para el cultivo de camarón). Los TSS y OSS disminuyeron en el control y los tratamientos en comparación con los efluentes sin tratar. Los TSS y OSS disminuyeron durante los primeros 22 días, sin registrar diferencias entre control y tratamientos. Sin embargo, los tratamientos tuvieron una mayor disminución en los niveles de TSS y OSS a los 48 y 77 días de cultivo, en comparación con el control. Los niveles de TAN registraron los valores más bajos en ambos tratamientos, seguidos por el control y los efluentes de camarón; no se observaron diferencias significativas para el TN. Los resultados indican que Chione fluctifraga tiene capacidad como biorremediador y puede sobrevivir en efluentes de estanques de camarón