State Intervention and Foreign Direct Investment in South Korea

SUMMARY Radical claims that foreign direct investment has ‘denationalised’ the South Korean economy are unfounded; and neoclassical claims that Korean policy towards direct foreign investment has been unusually liberal are equally untrue. This article argues that the positive effect of foreign direct investment on Korea's development is due in important part to the government's directive, ‘illiberal’ policies toward foreign investment. RESUMEN Intervención estatal e inversión extranjera directa en Corea del Sur Este articulo plantea que son infundados tanto los planteamientos radicales sobre la desnacionalización originada por la inversión extranjera directa, como los neoclásicos relativos a que la política gubernamental ha sido anormalmente liberal con ésta. Sostiene, en cambio, que el efecto positivo de la inversión extranjera directa sobre el desarrollo de Corea del Sur, se debe en una medida considerable a la implementación gubernamental de políticas iliberales’ hacia la inversión extranjera. RESUMES L'intervention de l'état et l'investissement direct étranger en Corée du Sud Les revendications radicales que l'investissment direct étranger aurait de?nationalisé l'économie de Corée du Sud ne sont pas fondées: et les revendications néo?classiques selon lesquelles la politique Coréenne envers l'investissement direct étranger aurait été particulièrement libérale n'ont également aucun fondement. Cet article dispute les faits que l'effet positif de l'investissement direct étranger est dû en grande partie à la fonction directrice gouvernementale, une politique peu libérale envers l'investissment étranger

The developmental state: dead or alive?

Before the 1980s, the mainstream Western prescription for developing countries to catch up with the West assigned the state a leading role in governing the market. In the 1980s, this shifted to a framework‐providing role in a largely deregulated and maximally open economy. Also in the 1980s, it became apparent that some East Asian capitalist economies were growing so fast that they would become ‘developed’ in the foreseeable future, marking them out as completely exceptional. Mainstream economists explained their success as the result of following the Western prescription, while other scholars attributed this rapid growth to ‘the developmental state’. This essay compares these two explanations of successful economic development, concluding in favour of the latter — with respect to the catch‐up decades. But what happened subsequently? Several scholars who accept the key role of the developmental state in the early period of fast industrialization in East Asia now argue that South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore have transformed from developmental to close‐to‐neoliberal states. This contribution argues that the erstwhile East Asian developmental states have indeed changed, but they have not transformed into neoliberal states. Rather they have adapted and evolved, but still undertake market‐steering, ‘societal mission’ roles well beyond neoliberal limits. The essay also suggests how other developing countries can learn lessons from their experience

Epithelial NEMO links innate immunity to chronic intestinal inflammation

Deregulation of intestinal immune responses seems to have a principal function in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(1-4). The gut epithelium is critically involved in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis-acting as a physical barrier separating luminal bacteria and immune cells, and also expressing antimicrobial peptides(3,5,6). However, the molecular mechanisms that control this function of gut epithelial cells are poorly understood. Here we show that the transcription factor NF kappa B, a master regulator of pro-inflammatory responses(7,8), functions in gut epithelial cells to control epithelial integrity and the interaction between the mucosal immune system and gut microflora. Intestinal epithelial-cell-specific inhibition of NF-kappa B through conditional ablation of NEMO ( also called I kappa B kinase-gamma ( IKK gamma)) or both IKK1 ( IKK alpha) and IKK2 ( IKK beta)-IKK subunits essential for NF-kappa B activation(7-9)-spontaneously caused severe chronic intestinal inflammation in mice. NF-kappa B deficiency led to apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells, impaired expression of antimicrobial peptides and translocation of bacteria into the mucosa. Concurrently, this epithelial defect triggered a chronic inflammatory response in the colon, initially dominated by innate immune cells but later also involving T lymphocytes. Deficiency of the gene encoding the adaptor protein MyD88 prevented the development of intestinal inflammation, demonstrating that Toll-like receptor activation by intestinal bacteria is essential for disease pathogenesis in this mouse model. Furthermore, NEMO deficiency sensitized epithelial cells to tumour-necrosis factor ( TNF)-induced apoptosis, whereas TNF receptor-1 inactivation inhibited intestinal inflammation, demonstrating that TNF receptor-1 signalling is crucial for disease induction. These findings demonstrate that a primary NF-kappa B signalling defect in intestinal epithelial cells disrupts immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract, causing an inflammatory-bowel-disease-like phenotype. Our results identify NF-kappa B signalling in the gut epithelium as a critical regulator of epithelial integrity and intestinal immune homeostasis, and have important implications for understanding the mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62858/1/nature05698.pd

Import controls and export-oriented development A reexamination of the South Korean case; 1962-1982

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D53414/85 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Import controls and export-oriented development A reexamination of the South Korean case: 1962-1982

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Lending Division - LD:D53414/85 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo