Comparison of nine common coffee extraction methods : instrumental and sensory analysis

The preparation of a cup of coffee may vary between countries, cultures and individuals. Here, an analysis of nine different extraction methods is presented regarding analytical and sensory aspects for four espressi and five lunghi. This comprised espresso and lungo from a semi-automatic coffee machine, espresso and lungo from a fully automatic coffee machine, espresso from a singleserve capsule system, mocha made with a percolator, lungo prepared with French Press extraction, filter coffee and lungo extracted with a Bayreuth coffee machine. Analytical measurements included headspace analysis with HS SPME GC/MS, acidity (pH), titratable acidity, content of fatty acids, total solids, refractive indices (expressed in Brix), caffeine and chlorogenic acids content with HPLC. Sensory analysis included visual, aroma, flavor and textural attributes as well as aftersensation. The technical differences in the extraction methods led to a higher concentration of the respective quantities in the espressi than in the lunghi. Regarding the contents per cup of coffee, the lunghi generally had a higher content than the espressi. The extraction efficiency of the respective compounds was mainly driven by their solubility in water. A higher amount of water, as in the extraction of a lungo, generally led to higher extraction efficiency. Comparing analytical data with sensory profiles, the following positive correlations were found total solids - texture/body, headspace intensity – aroma intensity, concentrations of caffeine/chlorogenic acids – bitterness and astringency

The HL-LHC Low-β\beta Quadrupole Magnet MQXF: from Short Models to Long Prototypes

In order to reduce the beam size by a factor two in the inter-action points, and to increase the rate of collisions by a factorof five, the HL-LHC Project [1] is planning to install in the LHC Interaction Regions (IR) new inner triplet (or low-β) quadru-pole magnets, called MQXF [2]-[6]. With respect to the current triplet quadrupole magnets, MQXF will feature a larger aper-ture, from 70 to 150 mm, a higher peak field, from 8.6 to 11.4 T, and a new superconducting material, Nb3Sn instead of Nb-Ti. Out of the 30 triplets magnets (including spares) that will be installed in the HL-LHC, 20 magnets, called MQXFA and 4.2 m long, will be fabricated by the US Accelerator Research Program (AUP), a continuation of the LARP Program [7].Among the components to be upgraded in LHC inter- action regions for the HiLumi-LHC projects are the inner triplet (or low-β) quadrupole magnets, denoted as Q1, Q2a, Q2b, and Q3. The new quadrupole magnets, called MQXF, are based on Nb3 Sn superconducting magnet technology and operate at a gradient of 132.6 T/m, with a conductor peak field of 11.4 T. Q1 and Q3 are composed of magnets (called MQXFA) fabricated by the U.S. Ac- celerator Upgrade Project (AUP), with a magnetic length of 4.2 m. Q2a and Q2b consist of magnets (called MQXFB) fabricated by CERN, with a magnetic length of 7.15 m. After a series of short models, constructed in close collaboration by the US and CERN, the development program is now entering in the prototyping phase, with CERN on one side and BNL, FNAL, and LBNL on the other side assembling and testing their first long magnets We provide in this paper a description of the status of the MQXF program, with a summary of the short model test results, including quench performance, and mechanics, and an update on the fabrication, assembly, and test of the long prototypes

Progress on high luminosity LHC Nb3_{3}Sn magnets

The HL-LHC project aims at allowing to increase the collisions in the Large Hadron Collider by a factor ten in the decade 2025 - 2035. One essential element are the superconducting magnets around the interaction region points, where large aperture magnets will be installed to allow to further reduce the beam size in the interaction point. The core of this upgrade is the Nb$_{3}$Sn triplet, made of 150 mm aperture quadrupoles of in the range of 7 - 8 m. The project is being shared between CERN and US Accelerator Upgrade Program, based on the same design, and on two strand technologies. The project is ending the short model phase, and entering the prototype construction. We will report on the main results of the short model program, including quench performance and field quality. A second important element is the 11 T dipole that replacing a standard dipole makes space for additional collimators. The magnet is also ending the model development and entering the prototype phase. A critical point in the design of this magnet is the large current density, allowing increasing the field from 8 to 11 T with the same coil cross - section as in the LHC dipoles. This is also the first two - in - one Nb$_{3}$Sn magnet developed so far. We will report the main results on the test and the critical aspects

Observation of an exotic narrow doubly charmed tetraquark

Conventional, hadronic matter consists of baryons and mesons made of three quarks and a quark-antiquark pair, respectively(1,2). Here, we report the observation of a hadronic state containing four quarks in the Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment. This so-called tetraquark contains two charm quarks, a (u) over bar and a (d) over tilde quark. This exotic state has a mass of approximately 3,875 MeV and manifests as a narrow peak in the mass spectrum of (DD0)-D-0 pi(+) mesons just below the D*D-+(0) mass threshold. The near-threshold mass together with the narrow width reveals the resonance nature of the state

Constraints on the CKM angle gamma from B-+/- -> Dh(+/-) decays using D -> h(+/-)h'(-/+)pi(0) final states

A data sample collected with the LHCb detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb(-1) is used to measure eleven CP violation observables in B-+/- -> Dh(+/-) decays, where h is either a kaon or a pion. The neutral D meson decay is reconstructed in the three-body final states: K-+/-pi(-/+)pi(0); pi(+)pi(-)pi(0); K+ K- pi(0) and the suppressed pi K-+(-/+)pi(0) combination. The mode where a large CP asymmetry is expected, B-+/- -> [K-+/-pi(-/+)pi(0)] K-D(+/-), is observed with a significance greater than seven standard deviations. The ratio of the partial width of this mode relative to that of the favoured mode, B-+/- -> [K-+/-pi(-/+)pi(0)] K-D(+/-), is R-ADS(K) = (1.27 +/- 0.16 +/- 0.02) x 10(-2). Evidence for a large CP asymmetry is also seen: A(ADS(K)) = - 0.38 +/- 0.12 +/- 0.02. Constraints on the CKM angle gamma are calculated from the eleven reported observables