CONHECIMENTO ECOLÓGICO LOCAL E PERCEPÇÃO DOS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS POR MORADORES DA ZONA RURAL SOBRE RIACHOS E PEIXES DA BACIA DO ALTO RIO TOCANTINS, GOIÁS, BRASIL

In face of the growing influence of unsustainable human actions on biodiversity, it is of extreme urgency the intensification of conservation efforts to reverse the negative ecological impacts. To this end, it is essential to develop more tools to effectively deal with environmental issues. Recently, the local ecological knowledge and capacity of perception of the environmental changes by populations living in close contact with nature has gained prominence in the scientific community. This knowledge can contribute in a complementary way with conventional ecological research. Thus, this study investigated the knowledge and perception of rural dwellers of the Santa Teresa sub basin, in the Upper Tocantins river basin, in relation to environmental impacts on water streams and fishes. The study was carried out in the municipalities of Formoso, Mara Rosa, Montividiu do Norte and Trombas in Northern Goiás, Brazil. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, addressing the current local environmental scenario, land-use options and the local ichthyofauna. The information obtained was analyzed from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Overall, the interviewees perceive the environmental changes and the main impacts that have caused the loss of the regional environmental integrity, affecting the streams. Also, they highlighted the decrease and/or disappearance of some species of fish. In addition, they have demonstrated ecological knowledge related to habitat preference, feeding behavior and fish diet. This study evidenced the value of the local ecological knowledge of rural populations in Northern Goiás. The results could be used to improve environmental research and management in the region as well as to increase collaboration between managers, researchers and the local population.Diante da crescente influência das ações humanas insustentáveis sobre a biodiversidade, é de extrema urgência intensificarmos os esforções de conservação para revertermos os impactos ecológicos negativos. Para isso, é necessário o desenvolvimento de mais ferramentas para lidar de forma eficaz com as questões ambientais. Recentemente, o conhecimento ecológico local e a capacidade de percepção das mudanças ambientais por populações que vivem em contato direto com a natureza tem ganhado destaque na comunidade científica. Logo, esse conhecimento contribui de forma complementar com as pesquisas ecológicas convencionais. Assim, nesse estudo investigamos o conhecimento e a percepção de moradores da zona rural residentes próximos a riachos da sub-bacia do rio Santa Teresa, bacia do Alto Tocantins, em relação aos impactos ambientais sobre os riachos e os peixes. O estudo foi realizado com moradores da zona rural na região Norte de Goiás, abrangendo os municípios de Formoso, Mara Rosa, Montividiu do Norte e Trombas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com questionário semi-estruturado, abordando o atual cenário ambiental local, as opções de uso da terra e a ictiofauna local. As informações obtidas foram analisadas sob uma perspectiva qualitativa e quantitativa. Em geral, os entrevistados percebem as mudanças ambientais e os principais impactos que causaram a perda da integridade ambiental regional, afetando os riachos. Também, destacaram a diminuição e/ou desaparecimento de algumas espécies de peixes. Além disso, demonstraram ter conhecimento ecológico relacionado à preferência de habitats, comportamento alimentar e dieta dos peixes. Este estudo evidenciou o valor do conhecimento ecológico das populações rurais do norte de Goiás. Os resultados podem ser utilizados para melhorar a pesquisa e gestão ambiental na região, bem como para aumentar a colaboração entre os gestores, pesquisadores e a população local

Contrasting fish biomarker responses between streams with different environmental conditions

Streams are environments susceptible to anthropic impacts that harm aquatic organisms by affecting their homeostasis. This study aimed to determine variations in the response of biochemical and genetic biomarkers of fish under the influence of anthropogenic impacts. For this, individuals of the tetra fish Astyanax lacustris were exposed in an impacted stream and one of its non-impacted tributaries (reference) during the dry and rainy seasons. For biochemical analyzes, we evaluated the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in tissue samples of gills and liver.  For the genotoxicity test, we evaluated micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in blood samples. The antioxidant enzymes showed seasonal variation, regardless of the stream; lipid peroxidation didn’t differ between seasons or between streams. The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities were more frequent in the impacted stream during the rainy season, probably in response to the leaching of toxic compounds that tends to be increased in that season. These results support the use of nuclear biomarkers in biomonitoring programs.Riachos são ambientes suscetíveis a impactos antrópicos que prejudicam os organismos aquáticos por afetarem sua homeostase. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar variações na resposta de biomarcadores bioquímicos e genéticos de peixes sob a influência de impactos antropogênicos. Para isso, lambaris da espécie Astyanax lacustris foram expostos a um riacho impactado e a um de seus afluentes não impactados (referência) durante as estações seca e chuvosa. Para as análises bioquímicas, avaliamos as enzimas antioxidantes catalase e glutationa peroxidase e peroxidação lipídica em amostras de tecido de brânquias e fígado. Para o teste de genotoxicidade, avaliamos micronúcleos e anomalias nucleares em amostras de sangue. As enzimas antioxidantes apresentaram variação sazonal, independente do riacho; a peroxidação lipídica não diferiu entre as estações ou entre os riachos. A frequência de micronúcleos e anormalidades nucleares foi mais frequentes no riacho impactado durante a estação chuvosa, provavelmente em resposta à lixiviação de compostos tóxicos que tende a ser aumentada nessa estação. Esses resultados apoiam o uso de biomarcadores nucleares em programas de biomonitoramento

Estresse oxidativo em pacientes beta talassêmicos heterozigotos e com deficiência de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase

Na talassemia beta, o acúmulo das cadeias alfa livres, bem como a liberação do grupo heme e do ferro durante o processo hemolítico, ocasionam aumento de danos oxidativos que podem resultar em lipoperoxidação de membranas celulares, desnaturação de proteínas e oxidação da hemoglobina. Na deficiência de glicose- 6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD), esse aumento é decorrente da diminuição da produção de nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato reduzido (NADPH) que pode resultar em hemólise intravascular. Diante da possibilidade de estresse oxidativo nos portadores de beta talassemia heterozigota e nos indivíduos com deficiência de G6PD, neste trabalho avaliou-se a expressão fenotípica das afecções genéticas por meio da identificação das mutações e análise de marcadores para estresse oxidativo. Para o estabelecimento dos grupos controle e com deficiência de G6PD foram avaliadas 544 amostras de sangue periférico de indivíduos da região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo 426 doadores de sangue e 118 indivíduos de uma instituição de ensino superior. Para a composição do grupo com talassemia beta heterozigota foram avaliadas 46 amostras de sangue de indivíduos com diagnóstico clínico de talassemia beta da cidade de São Carlos/SP. Foram realizados métodos de triagem e confirmatórios para a identificação da talassemia beta heterozigota e da deficiência de G6PD, e dosagens bioquímicas para quantificação das espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), utilizado como marcador de estresse oxidativo, e para a determinação da capacidade antioxidante em equivalência ao Trolox (TEAC). Os polimorfismos da glutationa S-transferase (GST) GSTM1 e GSTT1 foram avaliados por PCR multiplex o de GSTP1 por PCR/RFLP. No grupo com talassemia beta heterozigota foram encontradas 18 (39%) amostras com a mutação CD39; 22 (48%) com a mutação...In beta thalassemia, the excess of unpaired alpha chains, as well as the heme group and iron released during the hemolytic process increase the oxidative damage. In G6PD deficiency, this increase is caused by a reduced production of NADPH that results in an intravascular hemolysis. Thus, facing the oxidative stress possibility in beta thalassemia carriers and G6PD deficiency individuals, it was aimed to evaluate the fenotypic expression of this genetic disorders through the mutation identification, as well as the oxidative stress marker analysis. We used 544 peripheral blood samples of individuals from São Paulo’s northwestern to control group and to G6PD deficiency group establishment. For beta thalassemia heterozygote group were evaluated 48 blood samples of São Carlos/SP city. Tests were carried out aiming the screening and confirmation of beta thalassemia and G6PD deficiency, as well as the analysis of lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Were determined the frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms. The analysis with beta thalassemia carriers allowed to establish in the study group a frequency of 39% for CD39 mutation, 48% for IVS-I-110 mutation and 2% for IVS-I-6 mutation. For G6PD deficiency was founded a frequency of 3.86%. The beta thalassemic group evaluation showed an increase of TBARS and TEAC values, when compared to the control group. There was a tendency to increase lipid peroxidation in beta0 CD39 mutants compared to beta+ IVS-I-110 mutants, because there is more free chains amount in beta0 thalassemia than beta+ thalassemia. In the G6PD deficiency analysis was found a lower G6PD activity in men than in women, but there was no interference of gender in the TBARS and TEAC assays results. The comparison between the control group and the G6PD deficiency group... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Perfil eletroforético e cromatográfico das hemoglobinas S-like

As hemoglobinas (Hb) variantes, originadas em sua maioria por simples substituições de aminoácidos, resultam de mudanças na seqüência de nucleotídeos. Atualmente, o número de Hb anormais identificadas tem aumentado devido à melhoria nas metodologias de análises, porém muitos laboratórios de rotina não estão preparados para a correta identificação dos mutantes. A Hb S é uma variante de Hb bem caracterizada que apresenta prevalência variável nas diferentes regiões do Brasil. No entanto, há uma variedade de Hb que apresenta padrão de migração eletroforética semelhante ao da Hb S em pH alcalino as quais são denominadas “Hb S-like”, podendo ser erroneamente diagnosticadas e com suas freqüências subestimadas. Neste trabalho foram estabelecidos os valores referenciais de Hb por HPLC em portadores de Hb S e determinados os perfis eletroforético e cromatográfico das Hb “S-like” dentre as amostras enviadas ao LHGDH. Foram encontradas as Hb Hasharon, Hb D-Los Angeles, Hb Korle-Bu, Hb Lepore, Hb D-Iran, Hb tipo G, Hb Queens, Hb Montgomery e Hb Q-Índia. Também foram encontrados casos de associação entre dois mutantes de cadeia beta. As eletroforeses em pH alcalino e pH ácido foram utilizadas para o rastreamento inicial das Hb variantes e as eletroforeses de cadeias polipeptídicas em ambos pH foram realizadas para a identificação da cadeia globínica alterada. As análises cromatográficas permitiram o direcionamento dos prováveis mutantes, sendo também possível a quantificação precisa das frações de variantes. Desta forma, a associação de metodologias laboratoriais clássicas de diagnóstico é fundamental para o levantamento das suspeitas fenotípicas. Os perfis da Hb S e das Hb “S-like” estabelecidos neste estudo auxiliarão no diagnóstico dessas Hb variantes em serviços de saúde.The variants hemoglobin (Hb) originated mainly by simple amino acid substitutions, result of nucleotides sequences changes. Currently, the number of abnormal hemoglobin identified has increased due to improvement in the analysis methodologies, but many routine laboratories are not prepared for the correct mutants identification. The Hb S is a variant Hb well characterized that shows variable prevalence in different regions of Brazil. However, there is a diversity of Hb that present electrophoretic migration on alkaline pH similar to Hb S, named Hb S-like, which can be incorrectly diagnosed and with their frequencies underestimated. At the present study the reference ranges for Hb S obtained by HPLC were established, and the electrophoretic and cromatographic profile for Hb S like were determined. The Hb Hasharon, Hb D-Los Angeles, Hb Korle-Bu, Hb Lepore, Hb D-Iran, Hb tipo G, Hb Queens, Hb Montgomery e Hb Q-Índia were found. Cases of association between two mutants of beta chain were also found. The electrophoresis on alkaline pH and acid pH were utilized to the initial screen of these variants Hb and the globin chains electrophoresis in both pH were performed to identify the mutant globin chain. The chromatographic analysis permitted the identification of the likely variant hemoglobin and also facilitated the exact quantification of variants. Therefore, the association of the classical laboratory methods of diagnostic is fundamental for the identification of variant Hb suspect. The Hb S and Hb S-like profile determined in this study will help in the diagnostic of these variants Hb in healthy service

Electrophoretic and chromatographic profile for S-like hemoglobin

Hemoglobin variants originate mainly by simple amino acid substitutions, the result of nucleotide sequence changes. Recently, the number of known abnormal hemoglobins has increased due to improvement in analysis methodologies; however, many laboratories are not prepared to correctly identify mutants. Hb S is a very well-characterized hemoglobin variant that varies in prevalence in different regions of Brazil. However, there is a type of Hb that presents electrophoretic migration in alkaline pH similar to Hb S, named S-like Hb, which can be incorrectly diagnosed; therefore, its frequency is underestimated. We obtained reference ranges for Hb S by HPLC, and we examined the electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles of S-like Hb. Hb Hasharon, Hb D-Los Angeles, Hb Korle-Bu, Hb Lepore, Hb D-Iran, Hb G-like, Hb Queens, Hb Montgomery, and Hb Q-India were found. Cases of association between two beta chain mutants were also found. Electrophoresis in alkaline and acid pH was utilized to initially screen these Hb variants, and globin chain electrophoresis at both high and low pH was performed to identify the globin chain mutant. Chromatographic analysis permitted the identification of the hemoglobin variant and also facilitated the quantification of these variants. Therefore, an association of classical laboratory diagnostic methodologies is fundamental for the correct identification of suspect Hb variants. The S and S-like hemoglobin profiles determined in this study will help in the diagnosis of these variants in health care services

Evaluation of predictive factors for oxidative stress in healthy people

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n3p167O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fatores como tabagismo, consumo de álcool, uso de medicamentos, contato com produtos químicos, bem como idade e gênero sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo, em indivíduos saudáveis. Verificou-se o efeito da idade sobre a capacidade antioxidante, com diminuição dos valores em indivíduos mais velhos, o que pode ser a causa do aumento de estresse oxidativo, associado ao envelhecimento. Para os demais fatores, não foram encontradas diferenças nos valores do marcador de peroxidação lipídica e da capacidade antioxidante.http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n3p167This study aimed to evaluate the influence of factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, use of medicines, contact with chemicals, as well as age and gender on markers of oxidative stress, in healthy subjects. We checked the effect of age on the antioxidant capacity, with decreased values in older individuals, which may be the cause of increased oxidative stress, associated with aging. Regarding the other factors, no differences were found in the values of the marker of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant capacity

DINAMIZANDO E MOTIVANDO O APRENDIZADO ESCOLAR POR MEIO DOS JOGOS PEDAGÓGICOS

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência dos jogos pedagógicos para a aprendizagem e o interesse promovido pelo seu uso por meio de uma abordagem experimental. Alunos do Ensino Fundamental (n=72) foram submetidos a um dos três tipos de aulas (tratamentos): (i) aula tradicional; (ii) aula tradicional e aplicação do jogo; (iii) somente aplicação do jogo. Verificou-se que a sala submetida à aula e ao jogo apresentou maior aprendizagem em relação às demais (

Isolated and mixed effects of diuron and its metabolites on biotransformation enzymes and oxidative stress response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Diuron is one of the most used herbicide in the world, and its field application has been particularly increased in Brazil due to the expansion of sugarcane crops. Diuron has often been detected in freshwater ecosystems and it can be biodegraded into three main metabolites in the environment, the 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichlorophenyl-N-methylurea (DCPMU). Negative effects under aquatic biota are still not well established for diuron, especially when considering its presence in mixture with its different metabolites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of diuron alone or in combination with its metabolites, DCPMU, DCPU and 3,4-DCA on biochemical stress responses and biotransformation activity of the fish Oreochromis niloticus. Results showed that diuron and its metabolites caused significant but dispersed alterations in oxidative stress markers and biotransformation enzymes, except for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, that presented a dose-dependent increase after exposure to either diuron or its metabolites. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significant lower in gills after exposure to diuron metabolites, but not diuron. Diuron, DCPMU and DCA also decreased the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) activity. Lipid peroxidation levels were increased in gill after exposure to all compounds, indicating that the original compound and diuron metabolites can induce oxidative stress in fish. The integration of all biochemical responses by the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) model indicated that all compounds caused significant alterations in O. niloticus, but DCPMU caused the higher alterations in both liver and gill. Our findings imply that diuron and its metabolites may impair the physiological response related to biotransformation and antioxidant activity in fish at field concentrations. Such alterations could interfere with the ability of aquatic animals to adapt to environments contaminated by agriculture

Isolated and mixed effects of diuron and its metabolites on biotransformation enzymes and oxidative stress response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Diuron is one of the most used herbicide in the world, and its field application has been particularly increased in Brazil due to the expansion of sugarcane crops. Diuron has often been detected in freshwater ecosystems and it can be biodegraded into three main metabolites in the environment, the 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichlorophenyl-N-methylurea (DCPMU). Negative effects under aquatic biota are still not well established for diuron, especially when considering its presence in mixture with its different metabolites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of diuron alone or in combination with its metabolites, DCPMU, DCPU and 3,4-DCA on biochemical stress responses and biotransformation activity of the fish Oreochromis niloticus. Results showed that diuron and its metabolites caused significant but dispersed alterations in oxidative stress markers and biotransformation enzymes, except for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, that presented a dose-dependent increase after exposure to either diuron or its metabolites. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significant lower in gills after exposure to diuron metabolites, but not diuron. Diuron, DCPMU and DCA also decreased the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) activity. Lipid peroxidation levels were increased in gill after exposure to all compounds, indicating that the original compound and diuron metabolites can induce oxidative stress in fish. The integration of all biochemical responses by the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) model indicated that all compounds caused significant alterations in O. niloticus, but DCPMU caused the higher alterations in both liver and gill. Our findings imply that diuron and its metabolites may impair the physiological response related to biotransformation and antioxidant activity in fish at field concentrations. Such alterations could interfere with the ability of aquatic animals to adapt to environments contaminated by agriculture