Does Backgrounds Color Influence the Appearance of Gingiva-Colored Resin-Based Composites?

This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, grant number PGC2018-101904-A-100, the Government of Andalusia, grant number P20-00200, the University of Granada, grant number A.TEP.280.UGR18, and the APC was funded by the grant number PGC2018-101904-A-100.Dental materials are mainly tested in vitro, so laboratory conditions must reproduce the oral environment to ensure the validity of their results. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of backgrounds on the color of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBC). Three discs of each of 20 shades of GCRBCs and each thickness (1 and 2 mm) were prepared. Diffuse reflectance was measured on-air and over three natural teeth (0M3/B1, 3M3/B3, and 5M3/B4 shades of Vita 3D Master/Vita Classical guides, respectively) using a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45 degrees/0 degrees geometry. CIEDE2000 color difference formula and its 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds have been used to calculate and interpret the results. It can be stated that the background influences the color of all GCRBCs tested, although the effect is more pronounced for 1 mm thick samples. L*, a* and b* coordinates values of GCRBCs on air were significantly different from those obtained on natural teeth backgrounds, and the total color differences were greater than the acceptability thresholds. Since GCRBCs are placed on a dental substrate in clinical conditions, it is not advisable to perform color measurements of GCRBCs on-air because of the high color differences found. This recommendation is especially relevant for thin specimens.Spanish Government PGC2018-101904-A-100Government of Andalusia P20-00200University of Granada A.TEP.280.UGR1

Color stability and degree of conversion of gingiva-colored resin-based composites

Objectives: To evaluate gingiva-colored resin-based composites' (GCRBC) color stability and degree of conversion (DC%). Methods: Eight discs (8 1 mm) of 20 shades of GCRBC were prepared. Color coordinates were measured against a gray background with a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45 /0 geometry at baseline and after 30 days of storage in distilled water, coffee, and red wine. Color differences (ΔE00) between final and baseline conditions were calculated. An ATR-FTIR spectrometer with a diamond tip was used to calculate DC%. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Results: DC% and color stability correlated with each other and with the GCRBC brand. DC% ranged between 43% and 96%, highest values correspond to flowable composites. All composites have experienced color changes after immersion in water, wine and coffee. However, the magnitude of the color change has varied widely depending on the immersion medium and the GCRBC. Color changes generated by the wine were, globally, greater than those induced by coffee (p < 0.001) and above the acceptability thresholds. Conclusions: The DC% of GCRBCs is sufficient to achieve adequate biocompatibility and physicomechanical properties, but the high susceptibility to staining could compromise aesthetic long-term results. Clinical Significance: The degree of conversion and the color stability of gingivacolored resin-based composites correlated with each other. All composites have experienced color changes after immersion in water, wine and coffee. Color changes generated by wine were, globally, greater than those induced by coffee and above the acceptability thresholds that could compromise aesthetic long-term results.Junta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: P20-00200; Universidad de GranadaGrant/Award Number: CBU

Effect of thickness on color and translucency of a multi-color polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of thickness on color and translucency of a multi-color polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (PICN) material. Methods: Specimens of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm thicknesses were obtained by sectioning VITA ENAMIC® multiColor (E-MC) High Translucent CAD-CAM blocks (1M1-HT, 1M2-HT, 2M2-HT, 3M2-HT, and 4M2-HT). Spectral reflectance and color coordinates were measured on white and black backgrounds using a spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and CIE 45 /0 geometry. CIEDE2000 color and translucency differences (ΔE00 and ΔTP00) between thicknesses and adjacent layers were evaluated using their respective 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds (PT00 and AT00). Results: In general, ΔE00 between thicknesses for all shades and layers were above AT00 in general. Chroma decreased from cervical to incisal layers with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), and ΔE00 between sequential layers were above PT00, for all shades and thicknesses. TP00 decreased from 0.5 to 1.5 mm and increased from cervical to incisal layers for all shades with statically significant translucency differ- ences (p < 0.05). In general, for all thicknesses, TPT00 < ΔTP00 < TAT00 for sequential layers. Conclusions: The gradient in color and translucency of E-MC PICN material was influenced by the thickness of the CAD-CAM block. In addition, color and TP transi- tion values between the layers depends on the thickness and shade. Clinical significance: The effect of thickness must be taken into account by dental technicians and dentists when CAD-CAM multicolor PICN materials are used.University of Granada, Grant/Award Number: A.TEP.280.UGR18Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Grant/ Award Number: PGC2018-101904-A-I00Government of Andalusia, Spain, Grant/Award Number: P20-0020

Relevant optical properties for gingiva-colored resin-based composites

The authors acknowledge funding support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PGC2018-101904-A-100) and from the i+D+I Government of Andalusia 2020, Spain (P20-00200).Objectives: To evaluate the optical properties of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBCs). Methods: Five discs (8 mm diameter x 1mm height) of 17 shades of GCRBCs were prepared. Diffuse reflectance was measured against white and black backgrounds using a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45⁰/0⁰ geometry. Relative translucency parameter was calculated using ΔE00 (RTP00). Translucency differences were evaluated using published data of 50:50% translucency perceptibility (TPT00) and acceptability (TAT00) thresholds. Scattering (S) and absorption (K) coefficients and transmittance (T%) were calculated using Kubelka–Munk’s equations. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney tests, and VAF coefficient. Results: The RTP00 values of the 17 evaluated shades ranged from 8.69 to 21.34. There were perceptible translucency differences (TPT00=0.62) between different shades of the same brand and between composites designated with the same shade of different brands. Spectral distributions of S, K and T were wavelength- dependent. Although the spectral behavior of the S and K coefficients and T% were similar for all the gingival composites evaluated, the values of these parameters presented statistically significant differences between shades, which would justify the differences found in the relative translucency parameter. Conclusions: The optical properties S, K and T% of GCRBCs were significantly different, resulting in perceptible translucency differences between the same shade of different commercial brands and between different shades of the same brand. Clinical significance: Translucency differences of gingiva-colored composites may significantly influence their masking ability affecting the clinician’s choice of restorative material.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PGC2018-101904-A-100)i+D+I Government of Andalusia 2020, Spain (P20-00200

Optical and colorimetric evaluation of a multi-color polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material

Objective To evaluate color, translucency parameter and optical properties (scattering (S), absorption (K) and transmittance (T)) of a multi-color polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (PICN) material. Methods Samples of shades 1M1-HT, 1M2-HT, 2M2-HT, 3M2-HT, and 4M2-HT from VITA ENAMIC® multiColor (E-MC) High Translucent were fabricated (n = 3). CAD-CAM blocks were cut and polished to 1.00 ± 0.01 mm of thickness. Diffuse reflectance and color coordinates were measured against white and black backgrounds, using a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45°/0° geometry. Color and translucency differences were evaluated using 50:50% perceptibility (PT and TPT) and 50:50% acceptability (AT and TAT) thresholds. S and K coefficients and T were calculated using Kubelka–Munk’s equations. Data was statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney tests, and VAF coefficient. Result Mean C* and b* values increased from incisal to cervical layers with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). In general, ΔE00 between sequential layers were above PT for all shades. In addition, translucency parameter (TP) increased from cervical to incisal and ΔTP00 values were greater than TPT00 and lower than TAT00 between all sequential layers. Layers from all shades showed similar spectral behavior for S (97.4% ≤ VAF), K (85.0% ≤ VAF) coefficients and T (95.3% ≤ VAF). However, these values presented significant differences (p < 0.05) from cervical to incisal layers. Significance The gradient in color and translucency of this novel CAD-CAM multi-color PICN material can assist dental technicians and dentists to reach greater esthetics than the pre-existing CAD-CAM monolithicmaterials.Project JA TEP-1136 from “Junta de Andalucía”, SpainMAT2013-43946R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCNPq Brazil grant #302587/2017-

Dropout rate in randomised controlled trials of balance and gait rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: is it expected to be different for virtual reality-based interventions? A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression

To assess and meta-analyse the pooled dropout rate from the randomised control trilas that use virtual reality for balance or gait rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis. A systematic review of randomised control trials with meta-analysis and meta-regressions was performed. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, the Cochrane Database, CINHAL, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. It was last updated in July 2022. After the selection of studies, a quality appraisal was carried out using the PEDro Scale and the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials. A descriptive analysis of main characteristics and dropout information was performed. An overall proportion meta-analysis calculated the pooled dropout rate. Odds ratio meta-analysis compared the dropout likelihood between interventions. The meta-regression evaluated the influence of moderators related to dropout. Sixteen studies with 656 participants were included. The overall pooled dropout rate was 6.6% and 5.7% for virtual reality and 9.7% in control groups. The odds ratio (0.89, p = 0.46) indicated no differences in the probability of dropouts between the interventions. The number, duration, frequency, and weeks of sessions, intervention, sex, multiple sclerosis phenotype, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, and PEDro score were not moderators (p > 0.05). Adverse events were not reported and could not be analysed as moderators. Dropouts across the virtual reality and control comparators were similar without significant differences. Nonetheless, there is a slight trend that could favour virtual reality. Standardisation in reporting dropouts and adverse events is recommended for future trials. PROSPERO database, registration number ID CRD4202128498917 página

Dynamics of crAssphage as a human source tracking marker in potentially faecally polluted environments

Recent studies have shown that crAssphage is abundant in human faecal samples worldwide. It has thus been postulated as a potential microbial source tracking (MST) marker to detect human faecal pollution in water. However, an effective implementation of crAssphage in water management strategies will depend on an understanding of its environmental dynamics. In this work, the abundance and temporal distribution of crAssphage was analysed in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants using different sewage treatments, and in two rivers (water and sediments) that differ in pollution impact and flow regime. Additionally, the influence of environmental conditions (temperature and rainfall) on the removal of the marker was studied along a river section, and natural inactivation was assessed by a mesocosms approach. Molecular and culture-based tools were used to compare crAssphage abundance and dynamics with those of bacteria and bacteriophages currently applied as global indicators (E. coli, somatic coliphages, Bacteroides GA17 bacteriophages, and the human-associated MST markers HF183 and HMBif). CrAssphage concentrations in sewage effluent and river samples were similar to those of HF183 and HMBif and higher than other general and/or culture-based indicators (by 2-3 orders of magnitude). Measurement of crAssphage abundance revealed no temporal variability in the effluent, although rainfall events affected the dynamics, possibly through the mobilisation of sediments, where the marker was detected in high concentrations, and an increase in diffuse and point pollution. Another factor affecting crAssphage inactivation was temperature. Its persistence was longer compared with other bacterial markers analysed by qPCR but lower than culturable markers. The results of this study support the use of crAssphage as a human source tracking marker of faecal pollution in water, since it has similar abundances to other molecular human MST markers, yet with a longer persistence in the environment. Nevertheless, its use in combination with infectious bacteriophages is probably advisable

Microbiota diversity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and in drug-induced liver injury

The gut microbiota could play a significant role in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, its relevance in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains unexplored. Since the two hepatic disorders may share damage pathways, we analysed the metagenomic profile of the gut microbiota in NAFLD, with or without significant liver fibrosis, and in DILI, and we identified the main associated bacterial metabolic pathways. In the NAFLD group, we found a decrease in Alistipes, Barnesiella, Eisenbergiella, Flavonifractor, Fusicatenibacter, Gemminger, Intestinimonas, Oscillibacter, Parasutterella, Saccharoferementans and Subdoligranulum abundances compared with those in both the DILI and control groups. Additionally, we detected an increase in Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Sarcina and Turicibacter abundances in NAFLD, with significant liver fibrosis, compared with those in NAFLD with no/mild liver fibrosis. The DILI group exhibited a lower microbial bacterial richness than the control group, and lower abundances of Acetobacteroides, Blautia, Caloramator, Coprococcus, Flavobacterium, Lachnospira, Natronincola, Oscillospira, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Shuttleworthia, Themicanus and Turicibacter compared with those in the NAFLD and control groups. We found seven bacterial metabolic pathways that were impaired only in DILI, most of which were associated with metabolic biosynthesis. In the NAFLD group, most of the differences in the bacterial metabolic pathways found in relation to those in the DILI and control groups were related to fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. In conclusion, we identified a distinct bacterial profile with specific bacterial metabolic pathways for each type of liver disorder studied. These differences can provide further insight into the physiopathology and development of NAFLD and DILI.This work was supported in part by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain) (PI18/01804, PI19/00883, PI21/01248), from the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andalucía, Spain) (PI18–RT‐3364, UMA18-FEDERJA-194), and from the Consejería de Salud (Junta de Andalucía, Spain) (PI-0285–2016). This study has been co-funded by FEDER funds (“A way to make Europe”) (“Andalucía se mueve con Europa”). CRD is supported by a grant from the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andalucía (Spain) (DOC_01610). FMR is supported by a grant from the ISCIII (Spain) (FI19/00189). AC is supported by a grant from the ISCIII (Spain) (IFI18/00047). EGF is supported by the Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejería de Salud de Andalucía (Spain) (C-0031–2016). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA (Spain)

Mitochondrial Stress Links Environmental Triggers with Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in Crohn's Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gut. The incidence and activity of IBD are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, polymorphisms in genes related to autophagy and the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been consistently associated with IBD. We show that NSAIDs induce mitochondrial stress and mitophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. In an altered mitophagy context simulating that observed in IBD patients, NSAID-induced mitochondrial stress leads to the release of mitochondrial components, which act as Danger Associated Molecular Patterns with pro-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, colonic organoids from Crohn's disease patients and healthy donors show activation of the mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) upon treatment with ibuprofen. Finally, colon biopsies from Crohn's disease patients in remission or with low-to-moderate activity also show expression of genes involved in UPRmt, while patients with severe activity show no increase compared to healthy donors. Our results suggest the involvement of mitochondria in the mechanisms triggering inflammation in IBD after NSAID use. Moreover, our results highlight the clinical relevance of mitochondrial stress and activation of the UPRmt pathway in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease