Los derechos entre hard powers y soft law

Globalization produced a fragmentation of sources of law, and the primacy of statute law has been replaced by contract law and jurisdiction. Some authors hail the resurgence of the very “essence” of law or catch sights of a global rule of law and an international constitutionalism. But in the global space even human rights have lost their prescriptive character and risk to legitimize overwhelming powers and deep inequalities. If in modern times new rights arises from social processes of claiming, today conflicts too appear to be fragmented, whereas global governance neutralizes political struggles. But it would be possible to re-imagine ways in which law regains its role in framing and organizing social groups such as in shaping the fields of social conflicts.La globalización ha llevado a una fragmentación de las fuentes del derecho y la primacía del derecho legislativo sucumbe ante la forma-contrato y la jurisdicción. De ahí que en eso algunos autores adviertan la recuperación de la verdadera “esencia” del derecho o capten las señales de un rule of law global y de un constitucionalismo internacional. Sin embargo, en el espacio global también los derechos humanos han perdido su carácter prescriptivo y corren peligro de legitimar poderes avasallantes y desigualdades profundas. Si, en la modernidad, los derechos brotaron de los procesos sociales de reivindicación, hoy día también los conflictos aparecen fragmentados, mientras que la gobernanza global neutraliza la lucha política. Incluso se podrían imaginar procesos por medio de los cuales el derecho puede recuperar su papel para la formación tanto de los grupos sociales como para la definición del ámbito de los conflictos sociales

Il Filosofo e il genocidio. Su Giuseppe Tosi, Aristóteles e o Novo Mundo

Giuseppe Tosi’s Aristóteles e o Novo Mundo. A controvérsia sobre a conquista da América introduces and comments the Spanish debate about the Conquest of America on the threshold of modernity. The main works of the leading figures – Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de Las Casas – are analyzed on the background of relevant interpretations, whose unilateralism is criticized. The Aristotelian philosophy – especially the theory of natural slavery – remained a basic reference for theologians and humanists, but for decades the debate was open and radical. This is related by Tosi to the tension between the role of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms as the vanguard of original accumulation and the “clash of identities” lived by missionaries who had to balance loyalty to the crown and to evangelism

Schiavi per natura, schiavi per legge. Declinazioni del lavoro asservito

La pluralità di forme della schiavitù antica e il ritorno della schiavitù nella modernità. Schiavitù per natura, schiavitù de iure e forme della schiavitù de fact

Conquista e schiavitù dei moderni

Il tema del lavoro servile in 'Dominio e sottomissione' di Remo Bodei nel contesto della Conquista dell'America e nella sua proiezione contemporanea

Conquista e schiavitù dei moderni

Il terzo capitolo, «Il destino di tre continenti», è il più lungo di Dominio e sottomissione. Quasi settanta pagine —ça va sans dire documentatissime, tanto da mettere in grande imbarazzo chi si è occupato di questi temi— che segnano un passaggio chiave nello sviluppo del volume. Con la conquista dell’America si apre la prima globalizzazione; un enorme continente la cui esistenza non era prevista dagli europei viene coinvolto, a spese dei suoi abitanti, in un’economia che diviene mondiale e s..

LA CRÍTICA DEL COLONIALISMO EN LOS ORÍGENES DEL COLONIALISMO. BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS

Bartolomé de Las Casas has been defined by Robert Young as the founding father of anti-Colonialism, while other interpreters have grasped limits and ambivalence in his battle in favour of Native Americans, to the point of considering him in solidarity with “ecclesiastical imperialism” and co-responsible for the “founding violence” of modernity. Las Casas’ position has changed over time, from the proposals for reform of colonisation and rationalisation of exploitation, to the denunciation of “diabolical wars” and slavery, to very radical theses on the illegitimacy of Spanish conquest and domination in the Indies. In the course of this itinerary he elaborated theoretical theses of great importance for the beginning of the anti-colonial discourse: the questioning of the theory of just war, the deconstruction of the arguments in favour of slave labour at the time of its revival, the affirmation of the mature civilisation, rights and legitimate self-government of the Indians, the recognition of the value of their forms of life in a first attempt at intercultural comparison

La schiavitù dei contemporanei

Dalla schiavitù salariata alla schiavitù globalizzata

La genealogia dell’universalismo dei diritti e i suoi paradossi

Analisa a relação entre a universalidade e a subjetividade dos direitos fundamentais, ressaltando consequências paradoxais advindas de lacunas como a dificuldade em se estabelecer uma definição conclusiva do conceito de direito subjetivo

En el umbral de la modernidad : humanidad, derechos, conquista.

The debate on the conquest of America presents paradoxical aspects of universalism and particularism. Sepúlveda again proposes the Aristotelian anthropology of inequality, emphasizing the superior humanities of Spanish Christians with respect to the “barbarian” Indians, but, at the same time, theorizes universal belonging to humanity and the consequent obligation of the former to submit to the seconds. Vitoria elaborates a theory of natural rights but uses it to legitimize the wars of conquest and, at the same time, considers the “barbarians” as amentes and / or children. The universalism of Las Casas emerges in the overthrow of the theory of just war and in the attribution of subjective rights - before everything, equal freedom - for all individuals and peoples, as well as in the capacity to recognize cultural differences, the dignity of “other” ways of life, the importance of contexts for the implementation of the principles. It refers to a possible decline of the dialectic between universalism and particularism that deepens our conscience even in the face of the tragedies of today.El debate sobre la conquista de América presenta aspectos paradójicos del universalismo y del particularismo. Sepúlveda vuelve a proponer la antropología aristotélica de la desigualdad, al enfatizar en la humanitas superior de los cristianos españoles respecto de los indios “bárbaros” pero, al mismo tiempo, teoriza la pertenencia universal a la humanidad y la consiguiente obligación de los primeros de someter a los segundos. Vitoria elabora una teoría de los derechos naturales pero la emplea para legitimar las guerras de conquista y, al mismo tiempo, considera a los “bárbaros” como amentes y/o niños. El universalismo de Las Casas emerge en el derrocamiento de la teoría de la guerra justa y en la atribución de los derechos subjetivos —antes que todo, la igual libertad— para todos los individuos y pueblos, así como en la capacidad de reconocer las diferencias culturales, la dignidad de las maneras de vida “otras”, la importancia de los contextos para la implementación de los principios. Se refiere a una posible declinación de la dialéctica entre universalismo y particularismo que convierte en más profunda nuestra conciencia, incluso frente a las tragedias del día de hoy