21 research outputs found

    Le calcul diffĂ©rentiel et intĂ©gral dans l’Analyse dĂ©montrĂ©e de Charles RenĂ© Reyneau 

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    D’Alembert a appris le calcul diffĂ©rentiel et intĂ©gral dans L’Analyse dĂ©montrĂ©e de Charles RenĂ© Reyneau. Une grande partie de ce traitĂ© est consacrĂ©e Ă  l’algĂšbre et Ă  ses applications gĂ©omĂ©triques. Les Ă©lĂ©ments du calcul diffĂ©rentiel sont introduits progressivement, avec une volontĂ© pĂ©dagogique Ă©vidente. Les mĂ©thodes de calcul intĂ©gral ne sont encore prĂ©sentes qu’en nombre limitĂ©, mais elles sont illustrĂ©es par de trĂšs nombreux exemples gĂ©omĂ©triques et physico-mathĂ©matiques, y compris des problĂšmes concernant les courbes transcendantes. Le traitĂ© rend manifeste l’extension du champ des mathĂ©matiques qui s’est rĂ©alisĂ©e avec Leibniz. On peut y repĂ©rer quelques-uns des problĂšmes fondateurs des mĂ©thodes de l’analyse du xviiie siĂšcle.Differential and integral calculus in Charles RenĂ© Reyneau’s  L’Analyse dĂ©montrĂ©e D’Alembert learned the calculus from Charles RenĂ© Reyneau’s L’Analyse dĂ©montrĂ©e. A great part of this textbook is devoted to algebra and its geometric applications. Elements of differential calculus are introduced gradually, with an obvious pedagogical intent. Only a small number of integration methods are included, but they are illustrated with many geometrical and physico-mathematical examples, including problems concerning transcendent curves. This work shows how the field of mathematics was widened by Leibniz, and indicates some of the problems which were to concern the foundations and methods of analysis during the 18th century

    New insights on the population genetic structure of the great scallop (Pecten maximus) in the English Channel coupling microsatellite data and demogenetic simulations.

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    International audienceThe great scallop (Pecten maximus) is a commercially important bivalve in Europe, particularly in the English Channel, where fisheries are managed at regional and local scales through the regulation of fishing effort. In the long term, knowledge about larval dispersal and gene flow between populations is essential to ensure proper stock management. Yet, previous population genetic studies have reported contradictory results. In this study, scallop samples collected across the main fishing grounds along the French and English coasts of the English Channel (20 samples with temporal replicates for three sites,n= 1059 individuals), and the population genetic structure was analysed using 13 microsatellite loci. Coupling empirical genetic data with demogenetic modelling based on a biophysical model simulating larval exchanges among scallop beds revealed a subtle genetic differentiation between south-west English populations and the rest of the English Channel, which was consistent with larval dispersal simulations. The present study provides a step forward in the understanding of great scallop population biology in the English Channel, underlining the fact that even in a context of potentially high gene flow and recent divergence times since the end of the last glacial maximum, weak but significant spatial genetic structure can be identified at a regional scale

    The rexinoid, bexarotene, prevents the development of premalignant lesions in MMTV-erbB2 mice

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    Retinoids, vitamin A analogues that bind to retinoic acid receptor (RAR) or retinoid X receptor (RXR), play important roles in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Recently, RXR-selective ligands, also referred to as rexinoids, have been investigated as potential chemopreventive agents for breast cancer. Our previous studies demonstrated that the rexinoid bexarotene significantly prevented ER-negative mammary tumourigenesis with less toxicity than naturally occurring retinoids in animal models. To determine whether bexarotene prevents cancer at the early stages during the multistage process of mammary carcinogenesis, we treated MMTV-erbB2 mice with bexarotene for 2 or 4 months. The development of preinvasive mammary lesions such as hyperplasias and carcinoma-in-situ was significantly inhibited. This inhibition was associated with reduced proliferation, but no induction of apoptosis. We also examined the regulation of a number of rexinoid-modulated genes including critical growth and cell cycle regulating genes using breast cell lines and mammary gland samples from mice treated with rexinoids. We showed that two of these genes (DHRS3 and DEC2) were modulated by bexarotene both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of these rexinoid-modulated genes will help us understand the mechanism by which rexinoid prevents cancer. Such rexinoid-regulated genes also represent potential biomarkers to assess the response of rexinoid treatment in clinical trials

    Synthesis and Photochemistry of Alkylated Photochromic Manganese Complex Precursors

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    Two alkylated cymantrene derivatives, one disubstituted Mn[η5-C5H3(ÎČ-{CH2}6CH3)CH2CO(C5H4N)](CO)3, (4) and one monosubstitutedMn[η5-C5H4CH({CH2}6CH3)CO(C5H4N)](CO)3 (10) have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. UV photolysis of 4 and 10 in n-heptane resulted in the formation of chelatesMn[η1:η5-C5H3(ÎČ-{CH2}6CH3)CH2CO(2-py- Îș-N)](CO)2 (14) andMn[η1:η5-C5H4CH({CH2}6CH3)CO(2-py- Îș-N)](CO)2 (16), respectively. Both resultant purple chelates exhibit an N-chelate spectroscopically based on previous analysis ofMn[η1:η5-C5H4CH2CO(2-py- Îș-N)](CO)2 (3). TRIR experiments with UV photolyzing (4) in n-heptane yielded a mixture ofMn[η1:η5-C5H3(ÎČ-{CH2}6CH3)CH2(CO- Îș-O)(2-py)](CO)2 (13) and 14 (O- and N-chelate, respectively) with a greater abundance of 13 within the ns timescale. The opposite is noticed within the ns timescale when 10 is UV-photolyzed in n-heptane (greater abundance of 16 than Mn[η1:η5-C5H4CH({CH2}6CH3)(CO- Îș-O)(2-py)](CO)2 15). The rate of conversion of O-chelate 13 to N-chelate 14 (k = 1.6 x 10-2 s-1) is slower than the conversion of O-chelate 15 to 16 (k = 1.2 x 10-3s-1)

    Fertilisation du maĂŻs : juste ce qu'il faut

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    Quelques aspects de l'analyse Ă  l'Ă©poque de Lagrange (le rĂŽle des analogies)

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    L'analyse Ă  l'Ă©poque de Lagrange est Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă  travers quatre thĂšmes. Trois d'entre eux concernent l'analogie des puissances et des diffĂ©rentielles. Dans un quatriĂšme, se pose la question des relations entre le calcul diffĂ©rentiel et le calcul aux diffĂ©rences finies. Lagrange donne Ă  la mĂ©thode de variation de la constante une portĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale qui intĂ©resse les Ă©quations diffĂ©rentielles, les Ă©quations aux diffĂ©rences finies linĂ©aires et les problĂšmes de MĂ©canique cĂ©leste. DĂšs les annĂ©es 1760, se mettent en place des Ă©lĂ©ments qui, au XIXĂšme siĂšcle, permettront de constater les analogies entre les Ă©quations diffĂ©rentielles linĂ©aires et les Ă©quations algĂ©briques. Un traitement spĂ©cifique des constantes d'intĂ©gration se manifeste aussi dans la thĂ©orie des solutions singuliĂšres due Ă  Lagrange. Cette thĂ©orie ne s'adapte pas de façon immĂ©diate au cas des Ă©quations aux diffĂ©rences finies. Lagrange en tire argument pour disqualifier les conceptions de l'Analyse qui reposent sur un passage du fini Ă  l'infiniment petit. La rĂ©solution de certaines Ă©quations aux dĂ©rivĂ©es partielles fait apparaĂźtre des sĂ©ries formĂ©es Ă  l'aide des dĂ©rivĂ©es successives d'une fonction arbitraire, celles-ci se prĂȘtent Ă  l'utilisation de mĂ©thodes symboliques. Ce domaine est explorĂ© par Brisson, Laplace et Poisson. En utilisant les termes mĂȘmes par lesquels Lagrange dĂ©montre la formule de Taylor, Brisson Ă©tablit, pour les opĂ©rateurs diffĂ©rentiels, une formule analogue. L'analogie des puissances et des diffĂ©rences a un statut trĂšs particulier dans l'oeuvre de Lagrange : elle est Ă©troitement liĂ©e Ă  une conception fondamentale de l'Analyse reposant sur la sĂ©rie de Taylor, mais elle conserve un caractĂšre inductif.LILLE1-BU (590092102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    ApprĂ©ciation de l’alimentation en zinc du maĂŻs par la dĂ©termination du rapport Fe/Zn dans les parties aĂ©riennes du vĂ©gĂ©tal

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    National audienceFrom 1972 to 1981, Fe/Zn ratios were measured in the aerial parts of Zn-deficient or non-deficient maize plants. The plants were sampled at different stages of development in field experiments or in crops with signs of Zn deficiency. The tissue Fe/Zn ratio appeared to be a better criterion for predicting zinc deficiency in maize than the determination of zinc alone in plants originating from non-calcareous soils Fe/Zn ratios greater than 24 were related to a strong probability of Zn deficiency. Plants originating from calcareous soils, Fe/Zn ratios higher than 12, associated with critical Zn levels of 16 ppm, indicated a very probable response to applied Zn.On a mesurĂ© de 1972 Ă  1981 le rapport Fe/Zn dans les parties aĂ©riennes de maĂŻs atteints ou non de carence en zinc. Les Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s, Ă  deux stades de vĂ©gĂ©tation, soit dans des dispositifs expĂ©rimentaux de plein champ, soit dans des cultures oĂč se manifestait la carence. Le rapport Fe/Zn apparaĂźt comme beaucoup plus discriminant que la seule dĂ©termination de la teneur en zinc pour la prĂ©vision de la carence zincique chez les plantes qui se dĂ©veloppent en sols non calcaires : la valeur critique de ce rapport, au-delĂ  de laquelle la dĂ©ficience est hautement probable pour ce type de sols, a pu ĂȘtre estimĂ©e Ă  24 pour la population Ă©tudiĂ©e. Dans le cas de plantes provenant de sols calcaires, la carence en zinc peut ĂȘtre fortement suspectĂ©e pour des rapports Fe/Zn supĂ©rieurs Ă  12, associĂ©s Ă  des teneurs en zinc infĂ©rieures Ă  16 ppm
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