Centralna bol: Mehanizmi, semiologija i terapija

Pain problems associated with lesion, disorder or dysfunction of the central nervous system are a common and prominent problem. The objective of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of central pain (CP), with emphasis being placed on studies published within the recent years. The incidence, qualities of the pain experience, associated sensory abnormalities, and other characteristics are discussed. Particular attention is paid to CP associated with stroke as the most prominent and best studied of the many CP problems. In general, there is poor understanding of the pathophysiology of CP, problems are often severe and intractable, and treatment is typically difficult. The goal of treatment should be pain reduction rather than complete pain relief. Recent studies have indicated possible roles for tricyclic antidepressants, antiseizure medications, and motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of CP. Surgical procedures have been used for specific causes of CP, but no one surgical technique helps relieve pain over the long term in all CP patients. Perhaps because of the lack of clinical trials, treatment is still largely based on traditional prescribing methods and anecdotal evidence. Our poor understanding of the etiology of central pain and the relative lack of effective treatments emphasize the need for further research into this disorder.Bol koja je posljedica oštećenja ili poremećaja funkcije centralnog živčanog sustava čest je problem u svakodnevnoj praksi. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je prikupiti rezultate dosadašnjih studija vezane uz ovu tematiku te prikazati etiologiju, patogenezu, kliničku prezentaciju i mogućnosti liječenja centralne boli. Osobita pažnja posvećena je moždanom udaru kao uzroku centralne boli. Općenito, etiologija i patofiziologija centralne boli slabo je istražena, a liječenje je dugotrajno i najčeće slabih rezultata. U najvećem broju slučajeva, centralnu bol nije moguće u potpunosti izliječiti, može se samo djelomično ublažiti. Od metoda liječenja najčešće se koriste antidepresivi, antiepileptici te stimulacija motoričkog korteksa. Kirurške metode liječenja se rijetko koriste jer nisu dugotrajne, njima se centralna bol može samo nakratko ukloniti. Za sada ne postoje jasne kliničke smjernice za liječenje centralne boli, postoje samo sporadične studije o liječenju iste što je vjerojatno posljedica nedovoljnog poznavanja etiologije i patogeneze centralne boli te je u tu svrhu potrebno planirati daljnja istraživanja

Ladarice – From Love to a Cultural Brand

Ladarice are a female vocal nonet founded with the aim of nurturing Croatian musical heritage. Thanks to their extensive activities on the Croatian music scene, a series of performances at traditional folk music and popular music festivals, frequent appearances on radio and television, participation in theatre plays, performances featured in popular Croatian films (for example, the performance of the song Podravina ravna in the TV series Gruntovčani, created by Dubravko Ivančan and Živan Cvitković), Ladarice have evolved into a cultural brand. However, the general public is mostly unaware that the group Ladarice was founded independently of the Lado Ensemble, and that it operated as such until 2008. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the activities of Ladarice from their forming in 1966 to the present day. From the analysed material, it is possible to deduce that, thanks to their of music, they managed to remain active for many years and evolve into a cultural brand. Today, the singers of Ladarice operate within the framework of the Lado Ensemble, while their work differs significantly in terms of primary motivation, the number of singers, the mode of work, and artistic programme

The Use of Horizontal and Vertical Angles in Terrestrial Navigation

The methods of determining a ship’s position in terrestrial navigation by using vertical and horizontal angles are nowadays rarely used. The reason is the relative complexity of the procedure and the lack of accuracy of some methods. Different methods of using horizontal and vertical angles to obtain the line of position (LOP) will be presented in this paper, as well as the occurring errors and recommendations for use. In this paper, the sextant will be considered a basic instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. The sextant allows a very precise measuring of angles from which very accurate lines of position can be obtained

Determination of phthalates in plum spirit and their occurrence during plum spirit production

Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that, due to their lipophilicity, migrate more readily into beverages with higher ethanol content. The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of phthalates in samples during the plum spirit production and in the final product, plum spirit manufactured by registered producers from five European countries, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A decreasing trend of mean values was observed for diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as the distillation process went on. Levels of benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) increased in the distillation phase compared to concentrations in the preceding phases. In commercial plum spirits, DEHP and DiBP were detected in the highest concentrations. Results also indicated that a moderate daily consumption of plum spirit does not pose a health risk regarding the Tolerable Daily Intake of BBP, DEHP, and DB

Psychometric Validation of the Croatian Version of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31)

The primary goals of this study were to adapt the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory – 31 items (QOLIE-31) questionnaire to the Croatian language and to assess the translated questionnaire’s psychometric properties. Translation/ retranslation of the English version of the QOLIE-31 was done, and all steps for cross-cultural adaptation process were performed properly by an expert committee. Later, QOLIE-31 questionnaires and previously validated Short Form-36 (SF-36) outcome instruments were given to 200 patients with epilepsy. 172 patients (86%) responded to the first set of questionnaires, and 114 of the first time respondents (66%) returned their second survey. The two measures of reliability as internal consistency and reproducibility were determined by Cronbach a statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing with a SF-36 questionnaire, and measurement was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The study demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency with high Cronbach a values for all of the corresponding domains (seizure worry 0.84, medication effects 0.80, emotional well-being 0.73, energy/fatigue 0.76, cognitive functioning 0.71, social functioning 0.77, overall quality of life 0.65). The intraclass correlation coefficient for six domains of QOLIE-31 questionnaire demonstrated excellent test/retest reproducibility (ICC 0.75), and good test/retest reproducibility (ICC 0.71) in one domain (cognitive functioning). Considering concurrent validity, three domains had excellent correlation (r=0.75–1), while 11 had good correlation (r=0.50 to 0.75), and 3 had moderate correlation (r=0.25–0.50). This study demonstrated that, if measures are to be used across cultures, the items must not only be translated well linguistically but also must be culturally adapted to maintain the content validity of the instrument at a conceptual level across different cultures. Croatian version of QOLIE-31 will be a valuable contribution to outcome measurement in epilepsy patients, particularly in the context of treatment trials, but als in a wider research context

Psychometric Validation of the Croatian Version of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31)

The primary goals of this study were to adapt the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory – 31 items (QOLIE-31) questionnaire to the Croatian language and to assess the translated questionnaire’s psychometric properties. Translation/ retranslation of the English version of the QOLIE-31 was done, and all steps for cross-cultural adaptation process were performed properly by an expert committee. Later, QOLIE-31 questionnaires and previously validated Short Form-36 (SF-36) outcome instruments were given to 200 patients with epilepsy. 172 patients (86%) responded to the first set of questionnaires, and 114 of the first time respondents (66%) returned their second survey. The two measures of reliability as internal consistency and reproducibility were determined by Cronbach a statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing with a SF-36 questionnaire, and measurement was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The study demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency with high Cronbach a values for all of the corresponding domains (seizure worry 0.84, medication effects 0.80, emotional well-being 0.73, energy/fatigue 0.76, cognitive functioning 0.71, social functioning 0.77, overall quality of life 0.65). The intraclass correlation coefficient for six domains of QOLIE-31 questionnaire demonstrated excellent test/retest reproducibility (ICC 0.75), and good test/retest reproducibility (ICC 0.71) in one domain (cognitive functioning). Considering concurrent validity, three domains had excellent correlation (r=0.75–1), while 11 had good correlation (r=0.50 to 0.75), and 3 had moderate correlation (r=0.25–0.50). This study demonstrated that, if measures are to be used across cultures, the items must not only be translated well linguistically but also must be culturally adapted to maintain the content validity of the instrument at a conceptual level across different cultures. Croatian version of QOLIE-31 will be a valuable contribution to outcome measurement in epilepsy patients, particularly in the context of treatment trials, but als in a wider research context

Comparative Analysis of the Maritime Venture Risk and the Cost of Averting a Fatality in the Republic of Croatia

Given the fact that every maritime venture is exposed to continuous risks, it is necessary to create a hierarchic structure of its predictors and to manage them efficiently. In view of that, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) suggests the possibility of risk management through the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). The key element in the implementation of this method is to determine the optimum point of investment in risk reduction with the purpose of achieving the balance between the costs of protective measures and the profit. Although it may be inappropriate to discuss the price of a human life, it is nevertheless possible to calculate it by formal mathematical procedures through the Cost of Averting a Fatality (CAF) and the Implied Cost of Averting a Fatality (ICAF). This methodology has allowed to produce – and to present in this paper – the above values for the Republic of Croatia for the very first time. In addition, by using the ϰ2 test, it has been possible to examine the relations between the observed actions (foundering, collision / impact, flooding, fire, disabled and adrift, man overboard) and the period (years 2006-2017). The results clearly show a statistically relevant dependence (ϰ2(88)=143,17; p<0,001) among the observed categories, which probably results from various implementation dynamics of the risk reduction measures that are performed in Croatia on a yearly basis. The results obtained by this research can provide important additional guidelines for the optimisation of the risk management model

Model of system for controlling a boat´s rudder

Na današnjim trgovačkim brodovima susrećemo visok stupanj automatizacije brodske opreme te integracije informacija. S ciljem da se dio te automatizacije primjeni na malim plovilima razvijen je sustav Repilos. Sustav Replios korisniku omogućava bežično upravljanje kursom plovila te omogućava prikaz informacija koje korisniku mogu biti od značaja. U radu su prikazane komponente koje su se koristile za realizaciju sustava Repilos te objašnjen način rada komponenata. Napravljen je fizički model sustava Repilos te objašnjen način izvršavanja aplikativnog programa.In today's merchant ships we encounter a high degree of automation and information integration of vessels equipment. In order to be a part of that automation and to apply it in small vessels the Repilos system was developed. Replios system allows the user to wirelessly manage the heading of the vessel and allows the display of information which may be relevant to the user. This paper describes the components that were used in the implementation of the system Repilos and explains how the components work. A model representation of the Repilos system was derived and the application program is explained

Supplementary data for article: Gašić, U. M.; Natić, M. M.; Mišić, D. M.; Lušić, D. V.; Milojković-Opsenica, D. M.; Tešić, T. L.; Lušić, D. Chemical Markers for the Authentication of Unifloral Salvia Officinalis L. Honey. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2015, 44, 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.008

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.008]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1983]Related to accepted version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3352