Mecanismos de ação envolvidos no efeito gastroprotetor do extrato etanólico de Arctium Lappa L. em úlceras gástricas crônicas induzidas por ácido acético em ratos.

Orientadora : Profa. Dra. Maria Consuelo Andrade MarquesCo-orientadora : Drª Profa. Eunice AndréDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Defesa: Curitiba, 26/03/2010Bibliografia: fls. 70-80Área de concentração: Insumos, medicamentos e correlatosResumo: A Arctium lappa L. é uma planta da família Asteraceae (Compositae), conhecida popularmente como bardana. Estudos anteriores realizados no Departamento de Farmacologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, demonstraram os efeitos gastroprotetores desta planta na úlcera gástrica induzida por acido acético em ratos. No entanto, o mecanismo de ação envolvido neste efeito não ficou esclarecido. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o mecanismo pelo qual o extrato etanólico, obtido do pó das raízes da Bardana, promove gastroproteção. A administração oral do extrato etanólico de Arctium lappa L., duas vezes ao dia, durante sete dias, reduziu a extensão das lesões gástricas crônicas induzidas por ácido acético. O tratamento com o extrato reduziu significativamente a permeabilidade microvascular e inibiu a atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO) e Nacetilglucosaminidase (NAG). Além disso, o extrato também foi capaz de restaurar os níveis da atividade da SOD, de prevenir a diminuição dos níveis de GSH e reduzir os níveis de LOOH, mas não alterou o aumento da atividade da CAT e nem os níveis de muco gástrico nos estômagos ulcerados. In vitro, o extrato etanólico, bem como, ácido ascórbico inibiu o radical DPPH e o tratamento crônico dos animais com o extrato ou ácido ascórbico também reduziu a geração intracelular de radicais livres. Entretanto, o ácido ascórbico não foi capaz de reduzir a extensão das lesões gástricas e nem de restaurar os níveis de MPO, NAG, SOD, CAT e LOOH. O extrato etanólico foi capaz de diminuir o volume e a acidez da secreção basal, bem como, aquela estimulada por betanecol e histamina, mas não por pentagastrina. Experimentos com estômago isolado revelaram que o extrato antagonizou os receptores muscarínicos de maneira dependente da concentração, mas não os receptores histaminérgicos da mucosa gástrica. Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos sugerem que o efeito gastroprotetor do extrato etanólico de Arctium lappa L. parece envolver a redução da secreção ácida gástrica, possivelmente pela inibição de receptores muscarínicos, promovendo uma melhora no processo inflamatório com restabelecimento do sistema antioxidante. No entanto, estudos adicionais ainda são requeridos para melhor elucidar esse efeito.Abstract: Arctium lappa L. is a member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family popularly known as "bardana". In previous studies, we have reported a significant gastroprotective effect of this plant in gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid in rats. However, the mechanism by which Artium lappa causes this action has not been completely clarified. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the mechanism by which the ethanolic extract obtained from the powder of the roots of Burdock exerts a healing-promoting effect on acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers. We have observed that the oral administration of ethanolic extract of Arctium lappa L. twice daily for seven days reduced the extent of chronic gastric lesions induced by acetic acid. The treatment with the extract significantly reduced microvascular permeability and inhibited the myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activity. In add tion, the extract was able to restore the SOD, but not CAT activity. We have observed that the etanolic extract prevented the decrease of GSH levels and reduced LOOH levels but did not alter the levels of gastric mucus in the ulcerated stomach. The scavenger activity of ethanolic extract "in vitro" was confirmed with the DPPH assay. Furthermore, the chronic treatment of animals with the extract or ascorbic acid also reduced the intracellular generation of free radicals. However, ascorbic acid was able neither to reduce the extent of gastric lesions nor restore the levels of MPO, NAG, SOD, CAT and LOOH. The ethanol c extract reduced the volume and basal acid secretion as well as that stimulated by bethanechol and histamine, but not by pentagastrin. Experiments with isolated stomach showed that the extract antagonized, in a concentrationdependent manner, muscarinic, but not histaminergic receptors on gastric mucosa. Together, these results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Arctium lappa L. appears to be involved in the reduction of gastric acid secretion, promoting an improvement in processes inflammatory with restoration of the antioxidant system, possibly by inhibiting muscarinic receptors. However, additional studies are required to clarify this effect

Atividade gastroprotetora e efeito sobre a função motora gástrica de ratas das folhas de Arctium lappa L. (Bardana) : um estudo sob condições normais e aumentadas de glicemia

Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Maria Fernanda de Paula WernerCo-orientadora : Profª Drª Maria Consuelo de A. MarquesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/07/2014Inclui referênciasÁrea de concentraçãoResumo: Este trabalho investigou o potencial terapeutico das folhas da Arctium lappa na prevencao e cicatrizacao de ulceras gastricas em condicoes normais e aumentadas de glicemia, bem como nas alteracoes da motilidade gastrica em ratas diabeticas. Tanto a administracao oral (v.o) como a intraperitoneal (i.p) do extrato soluvel em etanol (SE, DE50: 3,6 mg/kg) das folhas da bardana e de sua fracao soluvel em acetato de etila (SE-AE, 0,15 mg/kg) protegeu a mucosa gastrica contra ulceras induzidas por etanol P.A e a administracao previa de indometacina (10 mg/kg, i.p), visando a deplecao de prostaglandinas endogenas, aboliu a atividade gastroprotetora da fracao. No mesmo modelo, o acido 1,3-O-dicafeoilquinico (57 ƒÊg/kg), composto majoritario encontrado na fracao, tambem promoveu gastroprotecao contra o etanol. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE (0,15 e 1,5 mg/kg, v.o) tambem protegeu a mucosa gastrica exposta a indometacina. A quantificacao dos niveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e muco aderido evidenciaram que a manutencao desses fatores protetores esta envolvida no efeito gastroprotetor promovido pela fracao SE-AE contra etanol ou indometacina. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE (1 mg/kg, v.o) acelerou a cicatrizacao da ulcera gastrica cronica induzida por acido acetico 80% em ratas. A investigacao dos mecanismos envolvidos nesse efeito demonstrou a participacao do aumento do conteudo de mucina gastrica, GSH e gastrina serica e da reducao da atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO) e do conteudo de especies reativas de oxigenio (EROs). Em continuidade, em ratas diabeticas a fracao SE-AE (10 mg/kg) tambem acelerou a cicatrizacao da ulcera gastrica cronica induzida por acido acetico, atraves do aumento do conteudo de mucina e de GSH, da reducao da atividade MPO e do conteudo de EROs e da restauracao da atividade das enzimas superoxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e glutationaperoxidase (GPx). Todavia, nesses animais, a fracao SE-AE nao reduziu a hiperglicemia e nem os niveis de hemoglobina glicada. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE promoveu o sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e tambem inibiu a glicacao proteica in vitro, atestanto o efeito antioxidante e anti-glicacao da fracao SE-AE. Ratas diabeticas tratadas durante seis semanas com a fracao SE-AE (1 mg/kg) tiveram os niveis de hemoglobina glicada reduzidos, o esvaziamento gastrico, a contracao colinergica e o relaxamento nitrergico do fundo e do piloro normalizados, bem como a expressao da enzima NOS-1 e a densidade dos neuronios entericos NADPH-diaforase positivos no corpo gastrico preservados. Coletivamente, esses resultados mostram que a fração SE-AE das folhas da bardana possui atividade gastroprotetora e cicatrizante gástrica mediada pelo favorecimento de fatores protetores da mucosa gástrica como as defesas antioxidantes, o muco e as PGs. Adicionalmente, sob condições hiperglicêmicas é possível que a modulação das defesas antioxidantes e o potencial anti-glicação da fração também colaborem para sua atividade cicatrizante gástrica e para o restabelecimento da função motora gástrica de ratas diabéticas. Ademais, além do restabelecimento da resposta contrátil, a restauração do relaxamento nitrérgico de tecidos gástricos e a preservação da síntese e/ou viabilidade do óxido nítrico também estão relacionados com a atividade procinética da fração em ratas diabéticas. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para elucidar mais profundamente estes mecanismos e ainda outros envolvidos tanto na proteção gástrica promovida pela fração SE-AE em ratas normais e diabéticas, como no restabelecimento do esvaziamento gástrico sob condições hiperglicêmicas. Palavras-chave: Arctiumlappa L., gastroproteção, cicatrização gástrica, esvaziamento gástrico, diabetes.Abstract: The therapeutic potential of the leaves of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is still unexplored. Thus, this study investigated the therapeutic potencial of the leaves of this plant in prevention and healing of gastric ulcer under normal and altered glicemic condictions. In addition, the effects of burdock leaves on gastric motility of diabetic rats also were acessed. Oral (p.o) and intraperitoneal (i.p) administration of ethanol-soluble extract (SE ED50: 3.6 mg/kg) from leaves of burdock and its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (SE-AE, 0.15 mg/kg) protected the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced ulcers. However, prior administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o), to the depletion of endogenous prostaglandins, abolished the SE-AE gastroprotective activity. Moreover, the 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (57 ìg/kg), major compound found in SE-AE fraction, also promoted gastroprotection against ethanol. Furthermore, the fraction SE-AE (1.5 mg/kg, p.o) also protected the gastric mucosa exposed to indomethacin (80 mg/kg, po). Maintaining the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and mucus adhered content are involved in gastroprotection promoted by the fraction against ethanol or indomethacin. In the chronic ulcer induced by acetic acid model 80%, the fraction SE-AE (1 mg/kg, po) accelerated the healing of ulcer by increasing the content of gastric mucin, GSH and serum gastrin and reduction in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In diabetic rats, the fraction SE-AE (10 mg/kg, p.o) also accelerated the healing of chronic ulcers induced by acetic acid, by increasing mucin and GSH content, reduced MPO activity and content of ROS and the restoration of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutationaperoxidase (GPx), but not reduce hyperglycemia or glycated hemoglobin in these animals. Furthermore, the SE-AE fraction promoted scanvenger of radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and also inhibited in vitro protein glycation. Additionally, diabetic rats treated by six weeks with the SE-AE fraction (1 mg/kg, p.o) had levels of glycated hemoglobin reduced and gastric emptying normalized. Cholinergic contraction and the nitrergic relaxation of the gastric fundus and pylorus of diabetic female rats treated with SE-AE fraction also was preserved, as well as the expression of NOS enzyme -1 and the density of NADPH-diaphorase positive enteric neurons in the gastric body. Collectively, these results show that the fraction SE-AE from leaves of burdock has gastroprotective and gastric healing activity mediated by gastric mucosal protective factors such as antioxidant defenses, mucus and PGs. Additionally, under hyperglycemic conditions is possible that modulation of antioxidant and anti-glycation effect of the fraction also collaborate for gastric healing activity and the restoration of gastric motor function in diabetic rats. Moreover, besides the restoration of contractile response, restoring nitrergic relaxation of gastric tissues and the preservation of the synthesis and/or viability of nitric oxide are also related with prokinetic activity of SE-AE fraction in diabetic rats. However, further studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms more deeply involved and still others both in gastric protection by fraction SE-AE in normal and diabetic rats, as in the restoration of gastric emptying under hyperglycemic conditions. Key-words:Arctiumlappa L., gastroprotection, gastrichealing, gastricemptying, diabetes

Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Preschool Children

Aim. To examine the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Methods. The study comprised 281 children (55.9% boys) aged from 4 to 6 years. PA was measured by accelerometer. Children were categorized as non-overweight (NOW) and overweight/obese (OW) according to the sex-adjusted BMI z-score (<1 and ≥1, resp.). Results. Total and moderate intensity PA were not associated with BMI. We observed that a higher proportion of OW children were classified as low-vigorous PA compared to their NOW peers (43.9 versus 32.1%, resp., P > .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with low-vigorous PA had higher odds ratio (OR) to be classified as OW compared to those with high-vigorous PA (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.4–13.4; P = .008) after adjusting for BMI at first and second years of life and other potential confounders. Conclusion. The data suggests that vigorous PA may play a key role in the obesity development already at pre-school age

SARS-CoV-2 air and surface contamination in residential settings

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurs mainly indoors, through virus-laden airborne particles. Although the presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol are now acknowledged, the underlying circumstances for its occurrence are still under investigation. The contamination of domiciliary environments during the isolation of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in their respective rooms in individual houses and in a nursing home was investigated by collecting surface and air samples in these environments. Surface contamination was detected in different contexts, both on high and low-touch surfaces. To determine the presence of virus particles in the air, two sampling methodologies were used: air and deposition sampling. Positive deposition samples were found in sampling locations above the patient's height, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in impactation air samples within a size fraction below 2.5 μm. Surface samples rendered the highest positivity rate and persistence for a longer period. The presence of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 RNA occurred mainly in deposition samples and closer to symptom onset. To evaluate the infectivity of selected positive samples, SARS-CoV-2 viability assays were performed, but our study was not able to validate the virus viability. The presented results confirm the presence of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 RNA in indoor compartments occupied by COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms, in the absence of aerosol-generating clinical procedures.This Project has been partially supported by Portuguese national funds via Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia—Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT-MCTES), under Project 679 Research4Covid19, UIDB/04539/2020 and UIDP/04539/2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Gastroprotective Value of Berries: Evidences from Methanolic Extracts of Morus nigra

This study evaluated the gastroprotective value of the methanol extracts from fruits of Morus nigra L. (black mulberry (MEMN)) and Rubus niveus Thunb (raspberry (MERN)). The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were measured, as well as the in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger activity. The gastroprotective effects of the extracts against 60% ethanol/0.3 M HCl were evaluated in mice. After that, the lipid hydroperoxides and reduced glutathione levels at ulcerated tissue were determined. The effects of extracts on H+/K+-ATPase activity were also verified. The extracts exhibited high contents of polyphenols; however, MERN presented 1.5-fold higher levels. The presence of flavonoids also was confirmed. In addition, MEMN (IC50 = 13.74 μg/mL) and MERN (IC50 = 14.97 μg/mL) scavenged DPPH radical. The MEMN reduced the ulcer area only at 300 mg/kg (p.o.) by 64.06%. Interestingly, MERN decreased the ulcer area in a superior potency (ED50 = 20.88 mg/kg), reducing the ulcer area by 81.86% at 300 mg/kg, and increased the gastric mucin levels. The antioxidant effects of extracts were evidenced by reduced lipoperoxides and increased reduction of glutathione amount in the gastric mucosa. However, MEMN or MERN did not change the H+/K+-ATPase activity. These results confirm that M. nigra and R. niveus are berries with a gastroprotective value by strengthening of gastric protective factors

Representações sociais da autonomia do enfermeiro para acadêmicos de enfermagem

Introdução: A autonomia profissional corresponde à realização de ações de enfermagem por meio da utilização de habilidades, conhecimentos e atitudes para tomar decisões e resolver situações no seu espaço de atuação. Objetivo: analisar as representações sociais da autonomia do enfermeiro para acadêmicos do último período de graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade federal. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório delineado a partir da teoria das representações sociais em sua abordagem processual, realizada com 20 acadêmicos de enfermagem no último período de uma universidade federal localizada no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados se deu através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e a análise das produções discursivas pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram construídas cinco categorias de análise. Discussão: Verificou-se que as representações sociais da autonomia profissional dos discentes de enfermagem encontram-se em processo de construção, tendo por fundamento o gerenciamento, as práticas invasivas e a consulta de enfermagem. A autonomia também se relaciona ao cuidado predominantemente individual. Conclusões: A representação da autonomia profissional está vinculada a tecnologias atuais e a dimensões históricas da profissão, bem como a necessidade de novos estudos para a compreensão do fenômeno.Como citar este artigo: Mota DB, Gomes AMT, Silva ACSS, Ramos RS, Nogueira VPF, Belém LS. Representações sociais da autonomia do enfermeiro para acadêmicos de enfermagem. Rev Cuid. 2018; 9(2): 2215-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v9i2.52

Influenza seroprotection correlates with predominant circulating viruses during 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons in Portugal

Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico da GripeBACKGROUND: Population immune profile for influenza is highly affected by circulating influenza viruses, thus changing the risk of infection for influenza. This study aims to assess influenza immunity in the Portuguese population by age groups, during 2014 and 2015 and establish a relationship between seroprotection and circulating influenza viruses in 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were developed based on a convenience serum sample collected in June 2014 (n=626) and July 2015 (n=675) in hospitals from mainland and Azores and Madeira.Serums equally represent all age groups. Antibody titers were evaluated by HI assay for strains recommended for seasonal influenza vaccine northern hemisphere,2014/15 and 2015/2016. Seroprevalences were estimated for each strain by age group and the association with seasonal cumulative influenza-like illness (ILI) rates for influenza virus during both seasons was analised. RESULTS: In June 2014 the highest seroprotection was observed for influenza A(H3) (39.0%; 95% CI: 36.2-43.8%) and A(H1)pdm09 (29.7; 95% CI: 26.3-33.4%), with higher levels in children 5-14 years old. In 2014/2015 a dominant circulation of influenza B/Yamagata was observed with high incidence rates in individuals under 65 years old, the ones that had lower seroprotection. Although before the start of the season high protection for A(H3) was observed, the circulation of the new drift A(H3) strains had gained an immunological advantage,in accordance with A(H3) elevated incidence rates observed during 2014/15. In July 2015 the highest seroprotection was observed for influenza B/ Yamagata (55.1%; 95% CI: 51.4-58.9%), 2.4 times the estimated 2014.This increase was even more pronounced in younger (≤ 4 years old), 6.3 times increase in 2015.This fact is in agreement with the predominant influenza B virus detected and the high ILI incidence rate observed in children during 2014/2015 epidemic. Seroprotection levels for influenza A in July 2015 were not significantly different from 2014.During 2015/16 season, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was predominant, with high incidence rate in < 65 year old. Influenza B/Victoria lineage,although detected at low levels increased in frequency, in agreement with the lowest level of seroprotection detected in the general population before the start of 2015/2016 season (21.8%; 95% CI: 18.7-24.0%). CONCLUSIONS There was a correlation between virus circulation, incidence rates for each age group and the previous seroprotection for seasonal influenza viruses.Our study highlights the value of measuring the serological profile for influenza to establishe risk groups for infection for which an increase preventive measures, including vaccination, should be fostered.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Resultâncias fisiobiológicas da radiação ultravioleta e suas funções na carcinogênese de pele

The aim of this study is to expose the effects that solar radiation causes to the human body and identify its role in skin carcinogenesis. This is a narrative review, where a search for articles was carried out in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MEDLINE) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases, with the following Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS): Cancer; Skin; Radiation; combined with each other using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Selecting articles between the periods of 2011 and 2022, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, to increase the level of relevance and quality of the review, in addition to the technical-scientific basis coming from literary works renowned in history. In relation to skin cancer , UV radiation plays a complete role in oncogenesis, after all it modifies the physiobiological functions of cells and their architecture. Changes in the DNA of cells, the frequency and amount of sun exposure, are the factors that lead to cancer over time, especially in regions with greater exposure. Therefore, there is a need to change lifestyle habits, such as using chemical sunscreens and thick clothing, increasing skin protection. In addition to raising awareness among the population about the warning signs of the tumor and its characteristics, so that early access to health units and therapy can minimize its effects. Scientific research should also be encouraged, after all, cancer continues to be a disease that needs to be radicalized.El objetivo de este estudio es exponer los efectos que la radiación solar provoca en el cuerpo humano e identificar su papel en la carcinogénesis cutánea. Se trata de una revisión narrativa, donde se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MEDLINE) y Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), con los siguientes Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS): Cáncer; Piel; Radiación; combinados entre sí mediante los operadores booleanos "Y" y "O". Seleccionar artículos entre los períodos de 2011 y 2022, en inglés, portugués y español, para incrementar el nivel de relevancia y calidad de la reseña, además de la base técnico-científica proveniente de obras literarias de renombre en la historia. En relación con el cáncer de piel, la radiación UV juega un papel completo en la oncogénesis, al fin y al cabo modifica las funciones fisiobiológicas de las células y su arquitectura. Los cambios en el ADN de las células, la frecuencia y cantidad de exposición al sol, son los factores que conducen al cáncer con el tiempo, especialmente en regiones con mayor exposición. Por ello, surge la necesidad de cambiar hábitos de vida, como el uso de protectores solares químicos y ropa gruesa, aumentando la protección de la piel. Además de concientizar a la población sobre las señales de alerta del tumor y sus características, para que el acceso temprano a las unidades de salud y la terapia puedan minimizar sus efectos. También se debe fomentar la investigación científica, al fin y al cabo, el cáncer sigue siendo una enfermedad que hay que radicalizar.Objetiva-se, neste estudo, expor os efeitos que a radiação solar provoca ao organismo humano e identificar o seu papel na carcinogênese de pele.&nbsp;Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, onde foi realizada&nbsp; uma&nbsp; pesquisa&nbsp; de&nbsp; artigos&nbsp; nas&nbsp; bases&nbsp; de&nbsp; dados&nbsp; Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MEDLINE) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), com os&nbsp; seguintes&nbsp; Descritores&nbsp; em&nbsp; Ciências&nbsp; da&nbsp; Saúde (DeCS): Câncer; Pele; Radiação; combinados entre si utilizando os operadores booleanos&nbsp; "AND"&nbsp; e "OR". Selecionando artigos entre os períodos de 2011 a 2022, nos idiomas Inglês, Português e Espanhol, para ampliar o nível de relevância e a qualidade da revisão, além do embasamento técnico-científico advindo de obras literárias conceituadas pela história.Com relação ao câncer de pele, a radiação UV tem total papel na oncogênese, afinal modifica as funções fisiobiológicas das células e sua arquitetura. As alterações de DNA das células, a frequencia e quantidade de exposição solar, são os fatores que proporcionam, com o tempo, o câncer, sobretudo, em regiões com maior exposição. Logo, há necessidade de alterar hábitos de vida, como utilizar protetores químicos contra os raios solares e roupas grossas, aumentando a proteção da pele. Além de conscientizar a população sobre os sinais de alerta do tumor e sobre suas características, para que o acesso precoce a unidades de saúde e a terapêutica consiga minimizar seus efeitos. Pesquisas científicas também deveriam ser incentivadas, afinal, o câncer continua sendo uma doença que necessita ser radicalizada.&nbsp

CropPol: a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination

Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e. berry weight, number of fruits and kg per hectare, among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), Northern America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001-05 (21 studies), 2006-10 (40), 2011-15 (88), and 2016-20 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved