Evaluación de índices para el monitoreo de la estabilidad de tensión, usando mediciones pmu

Las grandes perturbaciones, tales como: el colapso de tensión y sus consecuencias, representan un gran desafío para la seguridad operativa de los sistemas de potencia. Por lo tanto, es importante contar con indicadores para alertar la presencia de problemas de estabilidad de tensión, en tiempo real. A partir de mediciones fasoriales de voltaje y corriente proporcionadas por las unidades de medición fasorial –PMU, se pueden calcular los índices para el monitoreo de la estabilidad de tensión en tiempo real. Así, este articulo presenta algunos índices para el monitoreo de dicha estabilidad, utilizando mediciones PMU.Se realizó la evaluación de los índices en un sistema simplificado y se clasificaron de acuerdo a su método de cálculo. Finalmente, uno de estos índices fue utilizado con el sistema New England 39-nodos, bajo diferentes escenarios de operación, incluyendo incre-mentos de carga, salida de línea y salida de generador, para comprobar de esta manera, el comportamiento de los índices de monitoreo de estabilidad de tensión basado en mediciones locales sincronizadas.Large disturbances such as voltage collapse and its consequences represent a large challenge to the operational safety of power systems. Therefore, it is important to have indicators of the presence of voltage stability problems in real time. Using phasor measure-ments of voltage and current that are presented in Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), indices for voltage stability monitoring can be calculated in real time. This paper presents some indices for voltage stability monitoring using PMU measurements. Evaluation of such indices on a simplified system was carried out, and the indices were classified according to their method of calculation. Finally, one of these indices was used with the New England 39-bus system under different operating scenarios, including load increments, line output and generator output, to check the indices’ behavior for voltage stability monitoring based on synchronized local measurements

Modelo de valoración de riesgo financiero en la gestión de contratos de suministro de energía eléctrica

This paper presents a financial risk assessment model for the electrical-energy-sale process trough long-term bilateral contracts. The vola­tility exhibited by spot prices of electricity in Colombia constitutes one of the aspects of  big influence in financial risk assessment within the electrical sector, where weather conditions are fundamental in the consolidation of electri­city prices in a country whose major generation source is hydroelectricity. Moreover, in this paper, a case study is introduced from the perspective of one of the electricity mar­ket agents, namely the generator. The model is developed by means of probability-distribution definitions that represent input variables. Monte Carlo simulation methods were applied together with the analysis of robust risk indicators VaR (Value at Risk) and CVaR (Conditional Value at Risk), over a given time horizon and also con­sidering different scenarios. This provides proper quantitative arguments for more detailed deci­sion-making processes. Once the historic series of spot prices and contracts are analyzed and the analysis scenario has been deployed together with its corresponding financial risk assessment, a contracting optimal portfolio scheme (spot and bilateral contracts) is proposed based on the risk-aversion level of the generator that supports the decision-making process.Este artículo presenta la valoración del riesgo fi­nanciero en el proceso de venta de energía eléc­trica mediante contratos a largo plazo. La volati­lidad que exhiben los precios spot de la bolsa de energía en Colombia es uno de los aspectos de mayor incidencia en la cuantificación del riesgo financiero en el sector eléctrico, donde las condiciones climatológicas son determinantes fun­damentales del precio en un país cuya fuente de generación principal es la hidroelectricidad.En este artículo se introduce un caso aplicado desde la perspectiva de uno de los agentes del mercado eléctrico, el generador. El modelo se desarrolló mediante la definición de distribucio­nes de probabilidad para las variables de entrada, la aplicación del método de simulación Monte Carlo y el análisis de indicadores robustos de me­dición de riesgo como el valor en riesgo VaR (Va­lue at Risk) y el valor en riesgo condicional CvaR (ConditionalValue at Risk), en un horizonte de tiempo dado y considerando distintos escenarios, lo cual brinda argumentos cuantitativos adecua­dos para un análisis más detallado en el proceso de toma de decisiones. Una vez analizadas las se­ries históricas de precios de bolsa y de contratos, la ejecución del análisis de escenarios y la eva­luación de los indicadores financieros, se propone un esquema de portafolio de contratación óptima (bolsa y contratos bilaterales) basado en el nivel de aversión al riesgo del generador que apoya el proceso de toma de decisión

New methodology to diagnose reliability of a single distribution circuit in Colombia

A reliable electric power supply is of ever increasing importance in the Colombian electricity market. As such, the Energy and Gas Regulation Commission, (CREG for its acronym in Spanish), has contracted technical studies to be undertaken in order to assess reliability for Colombian electric utilities. This paper focuses on a new methodology to diagnose the reliability of a single distribution circuit that is to be used in Colombian electric utilities. The proposed methodology includes calculating known reliability indexes (SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, etc.) as well as new reliability indexes in order to determine the incidence of causes of failure. This paper explains some of the required files´ characteristics (input and output files) in order to execute two applications associated with the previously mentioned methodology. These two applications were developed using Microsoft Excel for the Strategic Energy Business Unit at EMCALI EICE ESP, located on Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, South America. This article describes some features of these applications. The first case study presented, about the first application, is calculated based on this methodology, and results obtained are compared with those obtained using ETAP software. Finally, the second case study, regarding the second application, is calculated based on this methodology and results obtained are shown in this document.El suministro confiable de energía eléctrica es cada vez más importante en el mercado eléctrico colombiano. De esta manera, la Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas, (CREG por su sigla en español), ha contratado estudios técnicos a ser llevados a cabo a fin de evaluar la confiabilidad de las empresas del sector eléctrico colombiano. Este trabajo se enfoca en una nueva metodología para diagnosticar la confiabilidad de un circuito individual de distribución a ser utilizado en las empresas del sector eléctrico colombiano. La metodología propuesta incluye el cálculo de índices de confiabilidad conocidos (SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, etc.), así como nuevos índices de confiabilidad con el fin de determinar la incidencia de las causas de falla. Este documento explica algunas características de los archivos requeridos (archivos de entrada y salida) con el fin de ejecutar dos aplicaciones asociadas con la metodología mencionada anteriormente. Estas dos aplicaciones fueron desarrolladas utilizando Microsoft Excel para la Unidad Estratégica de Negocio de Energía de EMCALI EICE ESP, localizada en Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Sudamérica. Este artículo describe algunas características de estas aplicaciones. El primer caso de estudio presentado, sobre la primera aplicación, se calcula sobre la base de esta metodología y los resultados obtenidos se comparan con aquellos obtenidos utilizando el software ETAP. Por último, el segundo caso de estudio, con respecto a la segunda aplicación, se calcula sobre la base de esta metodología y los resultados obtenidos se muestran en este documento

Metodología para el mantenimiento predictivo de transformadores de distribución basada en aprendizaje automático

Context: In this paper, we describe a methodology set up to schedule the predictive maintenance of distribution transformers in the Department of Cauca (Colombia) by means of machine learning. Method: The proposed methodology relies on a predictive classification model that finds the minimum number of distribution transformers prone to failure. To verify this, the model was implemented and tested with real data in the Department of Cauca (Colombia). Results: It is possible to achieve an effective solution for scheduling the predictive maintenance of distribution transformers by means of machine learning. Conclusions: The proposed model is an effective tool for problems involving the scheduling of preventive maintenance scheduling problems for distribution transformers.Contexto: En este artículo describimos una metodología que se ha establecido para programar el mantenimiento predictivo de transformadores de distribución en el Departamento del Cauca (Colombia) mediante aprendizaje automático. Método: La metodología propuesta se basa en un modelo predictivo de clasificación que encuentra el número mínimo de transformadores de distribución propensos a fallar. Para verificar esto, el modelo fue implementado y probado con datos reales en el Departamento del Cauca (Colombia). Resultados: Es posible lograr una solución efectiva para programar el mantenimiento predictivo de los transformadores de distribución mediante el uso de aprendizaje automático. Conclusiones: El modelo propuesto es una herramienta eficaz para los problemas de programación del mantenimiento preventivo de los transformadores de distribución

Using multi-criteria decision-making for selecting a smart metering infrastructure

In this research a methodology based on multi-criteria decision analysis for the evaluation and selection of infrastructure energy smart metering in the Colombian context is presented. The selection process of these measurement infrastructures covers additional technical and financial criteria, becoming a complex problem. The methodology used in this work is the technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that considers seven assessment criteria (Technology, Finance, Environmental, Regulatory, Political, Infrastructure and SocioCultural). Of these assessment criteria, emerge 25 sub-criteria, which are integrated in a hierarchical structure to evaluate three energy smart metering alternatives. Nine experts were consulted to obtain the results. The results show the versatility of AHP method for making complex decisions with respect to the implementation of energy smart metering infrastructure, and provide a useful guide for assessing Smart Grid projects through multi-criteria analysis.In this research a methodology based on multi-criteria decision analysis for the evaluation and selection of infrastructure energy smart metering in the Colombian context is presented. The selection process of these measurement infrastructures covers additional technical and financial criteria, becoming a complex problem. The methodology used in this work is the technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that considers seven assessment criteria (Technology, Finance, Environmental, Regulatory, Political, Infrastructure and SocioCultural). Of these assessment criteria, emerge 25 sub-criteria, which are integrated in a hierarchical structure to evaluate three energy smart metering alternatives. Nine experts were consulted to obtain the results. The results show the versatility of AHP method for making complex decisions with respect to the implementation of energy smart metering infrastructure, and provide a useful guide for assessing Smart Grid projects through multi-criteria analysi

Using multi-criteria decision-making for selecting a smart metering infrastructure

In this research a methodology based on multi-criteria decision analysis for the evaluation and selection of infrastructure energy smart metering in the Colombian context is presented. The selection process of these measurement infrastructures covers additional technical and financial criteria, becoming a complex problem. The methodology used in this work is the technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that considers seven assessment criteria (Technology, Finance, Environmental, Regulatory, Political, Infrastructure and SocioCultural). Of these assessment criteria, emerge 25 sub-criteria, which are integrated in a hierarchical structure to evaluate three energy smart metering alternatives. Nine experts were consulted to obtain the results. The results show the versatility of AHP method for making complex decisions with respect to the implementation of energy smart metering infrastructure, and provide a useful guide for assessing Smart Grid projects through multi-criteria analysis.In this research a methodology based on multi-criteria decision analysis for the evaluation and selection of infrastructure energy smart metering in the Colombian context is presented. The selection process of these measurement infrastructures covers additional technical and financial criteria, becoming a complex problem. The methodology used in this work is the technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that considers seven assessment criteria (Technology, Finance, Environmental, Regulatory, Political, Infrastructure and SocioCultural). Of these assessment criteria, emerge 25 sub-criteria, which are integrated in a hierarchical structure to evaluate three energy smart metering alternatives. Nine experts were consulted to obtain the results. The results show the versatility of AHP method for making complex decisions with respect to the implementation of energy smart metering infrastructure, and provide a useful guide for assessing Smart Grid projects through multi-criteria analysi

Game theory application to the analysis of wheeling charges allocation and bidding strategies

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Comparison of PMU Placement Methods in Power Systems for Voltage Stability Monitoring

A power system is subject to events that may lead to voltage stability problems, which eventually may lead to black-outs. On-line phasor measurements may allow anticipating situations leading to voltage instabilities; these on-line measurements can be accomplished by using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). However, for a power system it is is not economical or necessary to install PMU at each bus; in order to avoid this situation it is required to develop a strategy for PMU placement that is useful and convenient, with a limited number of available PMU. This paper presents a review and comparison of some methods for PMU placement in power systems; also, we include a classification according to the type of observability obtained and consider the application of the method . Finally, a method for monitoring voltage stability in power systems is chosen and tested on the IEEE39-bus system using Matlab-PSAT (Power System Analysis Toolbox).Un sistema de potencia está sujeto a eventos que pueden causar problemas de estabilidad de tensión, los cuales eventualmente pueden conducir a apagones. Las mediciones fasoriales en línea permiten anticipar situaciones que conducen a inestabilidad de tensión. Estas mediciones fasoriales en línea se logran usando unidades de medición fasorial (PMU). Sin embargo, para un sistema de potencia no es económico ni necesario la instalación de PMU en cada nodo. Para evitar esta situación se requiere desarrollar una estrategia de ubicación de PMU útil y conveniente, con un número limitado de PMU disponibles. Este artículo presenta una revisión y comparación de métodos para la ubicación de PMU en sistemas de potencia; además, se hace una clasificación de acuerdo con el tipo de observabilidad y se considera la aplicación del método. Finalmente, se selecciona un método para el monitoreo de estabilidad de tensión en sistemas de potencia y se realizan pruebas sobre el sistema IEEE39 nodos usando la herramienta Matlab-Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT)

Evaluation of indices for voltage stability monitoring using PMU measurements

Large disturbances such as voltage collapse and its consequences represent a large challenge to the operational safety of power systems. Therefore, it is important to have indicators of the presence of voltage stability problems in real time. Using phasor measure-ments of voltage and current that are presented in Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), indices for voltage stability monitoring can be calculated in real time. This paper presents some indices for voltage stability monitoring using PMU measurements. Evaluation of such indices on a simplified system was carried out, and the indices were classified according to their method of calculation. Finally, one of these indices was used with the New England 39-bus system under different operating scenarios, including load increments, line output and generator output, to check the indices’ behavior for voltage stability monitoring based on synchronized local measurements

Revisión de herramientas aplicadas al modelamiento de mercados de electricidad

La desregulación de los mercados de electricidad alrededor del mundo, en la búsqueda de la eficiencia, ha introducido compe- tencia en los sectores de comercialización y generación de energía. Por esta razón, ha adquirido gran importancia, para regula- dores y oferentes, estudiar la interacción de los agentes competitivos para analizar la evolución del mercado y definir adecuada- mente estrategias de ofertamiento. Por lo tanto, en los últimos años se han utilizado diferentes herramientas para modelar los mercados de electricidad competitivos; este artículo presenta una revisión analítica de la bibliografía encontrada en el tema, en la cual se presentan las herramientas más utilizadas, además de sus ventajas y desventajas. Para realizar este análisis se hicieron comparaciones entre los modelos utilizados en cada herramienta, identificando las principales características del mercado, tales como esquema de mercado, estructura de las ofertas, tipo de subasta, entre otras. De este análisis se concluye que el tipo de herramienta a utilizar depende en gran medida del objetivo y alcance que se busca con el estudio.Deregulating electricity markets around the world in the search for efficiency has introduced competition into the electricity marke- ting and generation business. Studying interactions amongst the participants has thus acquired great importance for regulators and market participants for analysing market evolution and suitably defining their bidding strategies. Different tools have thereof- re been used for modelling competitive electricity markets during the last few years. This paper presents an analytical review of the bibliography found regarding this subject; it also presents the most used tools along with their advantages and disadvantages. Such analysis was done by comparing the models used, identifying the main market characteristics such as market structure, bid structure and kind of bidding. This analysis concluded that the kind of tool to be used mainly depends on a particular study’s goal and scope