Bioreclamation of Sugar Mill Effluent Polluted Soil Using Earthworm and its Responses on Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

Reclamation is an emerging technology that uses to clean up pollutants (metals and organics) from the contaminated soil. In this field of reclamation the utilization of earthworm is a new approach, to remove the metals from the polluted soil. The present work has been carried out for the reclamation of sugar mill effluent contaminated soil with earthworm. The physico-chemical analysis of sugar mill effluent and the polluted soils revealed that they are toxic in nature because they contain higher amount of micronutrients and macronutrients, organic and inorganic chemicals and heavy metals. The presence of pollutants in the soil mainly affected the plant metabolism which leads to growth and yield reduction. In order to enrich the soil quality, earthworm was cultured upto 60 days in polluted soil.  After that, the various soil properties were analysed and good percentage of pollutant reduction was observed. Germination studies were conducted in bioreclamated soil and best germination was noticed under bioreclamated soil when compare with polluted soil. ÂÂ

Influence of metal exposure on metallothionein synthesis and lipid peroxidation in two bivalve mollusks: the oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the mussel (Mytilus edulis)

The impact of metals (silver, cadmium, copper, mercury and zinc) on metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the mussel (Mytilus edulis) was studied after 4 or 21 days of metal exposure. Moreover, total protein levels were determined. After 4 days of metal exposure, although C. gigas and M. edulis accumulated cadmium and mercury concentrations in the gills and digestive gland, no significant variation of total protein level was occurred. After 21 days of exposure, metals were bioaccumulated in the gills and the digestive gland of both mollusks. A decrease of total protein concentrations in the gills of oysters and the digestive gland of mussels and an increase on metallothionein concentrations in the gills of both mollusks were observed. An increase of MDA levels was noticed for the gills and the digestive gland of mussels exposed for 21 days to either cadmium, silver or mercury whereas a decrease of MDA levels was observed in the gills of the oysters exposed for the same time to the same metals. The levels of proteins, MDA and MT were metal, species or organ dependent.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Xylanase Production from Trichoderma harzianum 1073 D3 with Alternative Carbon and Nitrogen Sources

The effect of some natural wastes (orange pomace, orange peel, lemon pomace, lemon peel, apple pomace, pear peel, banana peel, melon peel and hazelnut shell) on the production of xylanase from Trichoderma harzianum 1073 D3 has been studied and maximum activity has been observed on melon peel (26.5 U/mg of protein) followed by apple pomace and hazelnut shell. Also, molasses could be used as an additional carbon source as it decreased the production time approximately by 50 %. Finally, potential alternatives of organic nitrogen source (cotton leaf and soybean residue wastes) were analyzed and it was concluded that peptone could be replaced with these residues especially when economics of the process is the major objective

Effect of Taurine and Glutathione on Mercury Toxicity in Liver Tissue of Rats

The present investigation examined the ability of taurine and glutathione as an antioxidant to protect against mercury induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Mercury hepatotoxicity was induced by oral administration of mercury at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by reduced serum total protein level and increased serum levels alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein. Mercury treatment increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) content in the rat liver.  Again taurine and glutathione is administrated for 15 days. During this period, taurine improved liver functions, as indicated by decline of serum transaminases and ALP levels and elevation of serum total protein. Moreover, taurine significantly reduced AST, ALT, ALP and hepatic TBARS and increased GSH content and total protein in the hepatic tissue. These results indicate that taurine has a protective action against mercury induced hepatic damage in rats than glutathione

Induction of reactive oxygen species in brain of Etroplus maculatus after exposure to bisphenol A

The present study was aimed to investigate that bisphenol A, an environmental estrogen, exposed at 648 ?g/ L concentration for 96 h could induce reactive oxygen species in brain of cichlid fish, Etroplus maculatus. Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase showed a reductionin the activities at 5% level of significance with concomitant increase in the level of hydrogen peroxide generation (from 1.546 ± 0.426 (control), 1.506 ± 0.217 (DMSO) to 1.888 ± 0.368 (24 h), 5.332 ± 0.589 (72 h), 2.392 ± 0.341 (96 h)) and lipid peroxidation (from 2.805 ± 0.33 (control), 2.401 ± 0.309 (DMSO) to 3.596 ±0.373 (24 h), 5.65 ± 0.306 (72 h), 3.834 ± 0.236 (96 h)). The brain marker enzyme, acetylcholinesterase decreased at 24, 72 and 96 h in time-dependent manner than that of control groups. The present findings summarize that the increased production of oxygen free radicals due to the exposure of an environmental estrogen, bisphenol A at sub lethal concentration (648 ?g/ L) for 96 h inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes thereby induced oxidative stress in brain of fish. The decreased activity of brain marker enzyme, acetylcholinesterase reflect the neurotoxicity of bisphenol A in brain of fish, Etroplus maculatus and this could be one of the possible mechanisms of bisphenol A-induced neurodevelopmental disorders in fish

Effect of cement dust pollution on germination and growth of groundnut

Air pollution has been described as an additional stress on plants since they often respond to atmospheric contamination in the same way as they respond to drought and other environment stress. The role of air pollutants causing injury to plants either by direct toxic effect or modifying the host physiology rendering it more susceptible to infection. In severe case of pollution, the injury symptoms were expressed as foliar necrosis or completely disappearance of the plant. In that way the present research work carried out cement dust pollution on germination growth and biochemical of groudnut. The cement dust artificially sprayed on the plant surface with different levels. All the morphological and biochemical were analyzed. Morphological parameters Root length, Shoot Length,  and dry weight were inhibited in high dose of cement deposition when compare control plant. The highest amount of all biochemical content which present in control set and lowest one recorded in 25g/pot sprayed with cement dust

Immunomodulatory activity of Terminalia chebula against Salmonella typhimurium in mice

Typhoid is a world wide problem today due to the emergence of multidrug resistance Salmonella typhi and limited scope of vaccine against this disease. As the plant product has little side effects and is the source of many compounds having wide range of biological activities, diverted the author to study the protective role of Terminalia chebula, against Salmonella typhimurium. The author has already reported the protective effect of aqueous extract of the fruits of this plant against S. typhimurium in vitro as well as in vivo and also the antioxidant activity against these bacteria. In this study the same extract was evaluated for its immunomodulatory activity against S. typhimurium in vivo. Animals pretreated with the same extract at a dose 500 mg/kg body wt orally showed an increase in WBC count by 3x103/cu mm and lymphocyte count by 4 % as compared to saline treated control challenged with 50000 colony forming unit of S. typhimurium. The drug showed the proliferation of lymphocyte by 102% and increase in food pad thickness by 28.87% as compared to infected control in delayed type of hypersensitivity test. Thus the drugs showed its protective effect through its immunomodulatory activity in mice and can be used in typhoid

PROTECTIVE ROLE OF METHANOLIC FLOWER EXTRACT OF ALLAMANDA NERIIFOLIA HOOK AGAINST 1, 4 DICHLOROBENZENE (DCB)-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia on 1, 4 dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. 1,4 DCB administered rats (300mg/kg/b.wt which was dissolved in 1ml of corn oil by intraperitonial injection for 45 days) were pre treated with methanolic flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia (300 mg / kg body weight) for 45 days and sacrificed after 1,4 DCB intoxication. Results showed that 1,4 DCB caused a marked rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), as well as marked decrease in serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), PCV, WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin and platelet compared to controls. However pre treatment with A.neriifolia methanolic flower extract produced a significant decrease in the ALT and total cholesterol level and an increase in total protein, albumin and hematological parameters compared to DCB alone group. Taken these data together, it can be concluded that natural plant components such as A.neriifolia flowers could protect the liver against dichlorobenzene (DCB)-induced liver toxicity. Keywords: Allamanda neriifolia, 1, 4 Dichlorobenzene, methanolic extract, Hepatotoxicit