Mapiranje potreba za grijanjem i energetsko planiranje s fokusom na centralizirane toplinske sustave-analiza slučaja za grad Zagreb

Visokoučinkovite kogeneracije i centralizirani toplinski sustavi imaju znatan potencijal uštede primarne energije, ukupnih emisija ugljičnog dioksida i smanjenja ovisnosti o uvozu fosilnih goriva. Europska unija je prepoznala prednosti održivog grijanja iz centraliziranih toplinskih sustava te je u Direktivu 2012/27/EU uvrstila njihovo proširenje kao jedan od načina poboljšanja energetske učinkovitosti. Kako bi se odredilo koja područja su pogodna za proširenje centraliziranih toplinskih sustava, potrebno je procijeniti postojeće stanje. Budući da realna tehnička i ekonomska ograničenja takvih sustava uvelike ovise o geografskoj distribuciji potreba, izvora energije te postojećoj infrastrukturi, za ovakve analize potrebno je provesti prostorno mapiranje. U ovom rada predstavljena je metoda mapiranja toplinskih potreba koristeći alat geografskog informacijskog sustava QGIS. Rezultat ovog postupka jest vrlo precizna karta toplinskih potreba, uz pomoć koje je moguće odrediti područja pogodna za proširenje distribucijske mreže. Prikazana metoda korištena je na slučaju mapiranja toplinskih potreba grada Zagreba. Sukladno dobivenim rezultatima, određena su ekonomski pogodna područja za opskrbu toplinom iz centraliziranih toplinskih sustava. Pri tome su uzeta u obzir četiri načina pokrivanja dodatnih toplinskih potreba: plinskim kotlom, plinskom kogeneracijom, kotlom na biomasu i kogeneracijom na biomasu. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali kako bi se najveće proširenje centraliziranog toplinskog sustava postiglo instalacijom kogeneracije na biomasu. Točnije, u slučaju implementacije ovog rješenja, isplativo bi bilo proširiti centralni toplinski sustav za 66 % u usporedbi s trenutnim stanjem što bi imalo za rezultat povećanje opskrbe toplinskom energijom za 57 %. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata izrađeni su scenariji koji prikazuju uštede primarne energije i ugljičnog dioksida u slučaju implementacije tih mjera. Kogeneracija na biomasu se pokazala najpovoljnijom sa strane ušteda ugljičnog dioksida te je izračunato kako bi ona doprinijela godišnjoj uštedi od gotovo 300 000 tona CO2. S druge pak strane, najveće uštede primarne energije postigle bi se korištenjem plinske kogeneracije koja bi doprinijela uštedi od oko 360 000 MWh godišnje

Idejno rješenje 700 kW ORC kogeneracijskog postrojenja loženog drvnom biomasom

U radu su opisane komercijalno dostupne kogeneracijske tehnologije koje koriste krutu biomasu kao gorivo, a čija snaga ne prelazi 1 MWe. Opisane kogeneracije su: ORC kogeneracija s termouljem kao prijenosnikom topline, ORC kogeneracija s direktnim isparavanjem organskog medija te plinski motor pogonjen generatorskim plinom dobivenim rasplinjavanjem biomase. Posebno su proračunate i opisane komponente ORC kogeneracije s direktnim isparivanjem organskog medija čija je električna neto snaga 700 kW. Proračunata kogeneracija se planira postaviti unutar drvnoprerađivačke industrije, a proizvedena toplinska energija će se koristiti za sušenje sirovine iz koje će se proizvoditi peleti, te za grijanje radnih prostora. Kako bi se mogla predvidjeti potrošnja toplinske energije iz kogeneracije, izračunate su potrebe za toplinskom energijom, pri čemu su uzete u obzir klimatske prilike na mjestu planirane kogeneracije. Na kraju su navedeni glavni financijski pokazatelji pogona potrebni za izračun profitabilnosti projekta

Use of neuroradiological diagnostic methods in evaluation of patients with headache : experiences in KBC Split

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Glavni cilj našeg istraživanja je utvrditi učestalost i opravdanost korištenja multiplih slikovnih dijagnostičkih metoda (CT, MRI, MRA), a osobito MRA krvnih žila u obradi bolesnika s anamnezom glavobolje upućenih s Klinike za neurologiju Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split tijekom 2017. godine. ISPITANICI I METODE: Istraživanje je retrospektivnog karaktera. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni svi bolesnici Klinike za neurologiju koji su u razdoblju od 1.1.2017. do 31.12.2017. godine bili upućeni na slikovnu dijagnostičku pretragu MR angiografiju (MRA) mozga na Zavod za dijagnostičku i intervencijsku radiologiju.. Izvori podataka je pismohrana povijesti bolesti na Zavod za dijagnostičku i intervencijsku radiologiju. Uvidom u pismohranu istražilo se koliko je od navedenih bolesnika prije MRA bilo upućeno na snimanje pretrage CT i MR mozga. Rezultati su obrađeni kvantitativno i kvalitativno uvidom u nalaze navedenih pretraga. REZULTATI: Ukupno 161 bolesnik upućen je na snimanje MRA. Nalazi pretraga su u 89% slučajeva bili uredni bez naznaka patološkog supstrata, a u svega 11% bolesnika taj nalaz je ukazao na neki patološki supstrat. Kao najčešći supstrat prikazuje se aneurizme, zatim slijede intrakranijska krvarenja, arteriovenske malformacije i tumori. Uz učinjenu pretragu MRA, 53% bolesnika je također prethodno imalo nalaz CT mozga, 10% MR mozga, dok je 18% njih imalo nalaze sve tri spomenute pretrage. MRA bez prethodnih pretraga učinjena je u 19% bolesnika. Kvalitativna analiza prethodno učinjenih CT i MR pretraga je također bila uredna u većini slučajeva, pa kada govorimo o CT taj postotak je 65%, a kod MRI 88%. ZAKLJUČCI: Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je u većini slučajeva upućivanje neuroloških bolesnika koji su u povijesti bolesti imali glavobolju na multiple slikovne dijagnostičke metode bilo neopravdano. Većina glavobolja može biti dijagnosticirana pravilnom upotrebom smjernica za klasifikaciju istih. Provedeno istraživanje ukazuje na potrebu jasnog utvrđivanja smjernica za dijagnozu glavobolje s jasno definiranim točkama kada je opravdano korištenje metoda slikovne dijagnostike, kontinuiranu edukaciju i multidisciplinarni pristup kako bi se smanjilo nepotrebno izlaganje bolesnika zračenju, te sveukupni troškovi zdravstvene zaštite.OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this research was to determine frequency and justification of multple imaging diagnostic methods use (CT, MRI, MRA) and in particular the MRA in the treatment of patients with history of headaches that were referred from the Clinic for Neurology of the University Hospital of Split during 2017. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Research is based on data sources from the archives of patients history from the Clinic of Radiology. Patients who meet the critera and whose data exists in the written protocol, but not in the archives, were excluded during the study. Out of the total number of 457 patients that underwent MRA, 161 were included in the studie and they were all patients reffered to the MRA at the the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology from the Clicinic for Neurology in the time period from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2017. RESULTS: Research findings have shown that in most cases, the referral of a patient who has a history of disease has a headache on the diagnostic methods, and especially the MRA is not justified. Findings related to MRAs were in 89% of the cases without the indication of the pathological substrate, and in only 11% of the patients, this finding indicated a pathological substrate. The most common substrate is aneurysm, followed by intracranial bleeding, arteriovenous malformation and tumors. In addition to the MRA, 53% of patients also did a CT scan, 10% did a MRI and 18% had all three tests performed. Patients submitted only to MRA made 19% of patients. A qualitative analysis of previously performed CT and MR trials was made and it most of the cases there were no pathological findings, so when we talk about CT, the percentage was 65% of normal findings and in MRI it was 88%. CONCLUSION: The results of the research have shown that in most cases the referral of a patient who has history of a headache in their medical documentation to the neuroradiological diagnostic methods, and especially MRA is unjustified.The vast majority of the test preformed are unjustified with the patalogical finidings being found only in 11% of the scans when most of the headache can be diagnosed by proper use of guidelines. The counducted research suggests the need to cleary define guidelines for headache diagnosis with clearly defined point when it is justified to use diagnostic imaging methods

Use of neuroradiological diagnostic methods in evaluation of patients with headache : experiences in KBC Split

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Glavni cilj našeg istraživanja je utvrditi učestalost i opravdanost korištenja multiplih slikovnih dijagnostičkih metoda (CT, MRI, MRA), a osobito MRA krvnih žila u obradi bolesnika s anamnezom glavobolje upućenih s Klinike za neurologiju Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split tijekom 2017. godine. ISPITANICI I METODE: Istraživanje je retrospektivnog karaktera. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni svi bolesnici Klinike za neurologiju koji su u razdoblju od 1.1.2017. do 31.12.2017. godine bili upućeni na slikovnu dijagnostičku pretragu MR angiografiju (MRA) mozga na Zavod za dijagnostičku i intervencijsku radiologiju.. Izvori podataka je pismohrana povijesti bolesti na Zavod za dijagnostičku i intervencijsku radiologiju. Uvidom u pismohranu istražilo se koliko je od navedenih bolesnika prije MRA bilo upućeno na snimanje pretrage CT i MR mozga. Rezultati su obrađeni kvantitativno i kvalitativno uvidom u nalaze navedenih pretraga. REZULTATI: Ukupno 161 bolesnik upućen je na snimanje MRA. Nalazi pretraga su u 89% slučajeva bili uredni bez naznaka patološkog supstrata, a u svega 11% bolesnika taj nalaz je ukazao na neki patološki supstrat. Kao najčešći supstrat prikazuje se aneurizme, zatim slijede intrakranijska krvarenja, arteriovenske malformacije i tumori. Uz učinjenu pretragu MRA, 53% bolesnika je također prethodno imalo nalaz CT mozga, 10% MR mozga, dok je 18% njih imalo nalaze sve tri spomenute pretrage. MRA bez prethodnih pretraga učinjena je u 19% bolesnika. Kvalitativna analiza prethodno učinjenih CT i MR pretraga je također bila uredna u većini slučajeva, pa kada govorimo o CT taj postotak je 65%, a kod MRI 88%. ZAKLJUČCI: Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je u većini slučajeva upućivanje neuroloških bolesnika koji su u povijesti bolesti imali glavobolju na multiple slikovne dijagnostičke metode bilo neopravdano. Većina glavobolja može biti dijagnosticirana pravilnom upotrebom smjernica za klasifikaciju istih. Provedeno istraživanje ukazuje na potrebu jasnog utvrđivanja smjernica za dijagnozu glavobolje s jasno definiranim točkama kada je opravdano korištenje metoda slikovne dijagnostike, kontinuiranu edukaciju i multidisciplinarni pristup kako bi se smanjilo nepotrebno izlaganje bolesnika zračenju, te sveukupni troškovi zdravstvene zaštite.OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this research was to determine frequency and justification of multple imaging diagnostic methods use (CT, MRI, MRA) and in particular the MRA in the treatment of patients with history of headaches that were referred from the Clinic for Neurology of the University Hospital of Split during 2017. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Research is based on data sources from the archives of patients history from the Clinic of Radiology. Patients who meet the critera and whose data exists in the written protocol, but not in the archives, were excluded during the study. Out of the total number of 457 patients that underwent MRA, 161 were included in the studie and they were all patients reffered to the MRA at the the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology from the Clicinic for Neurology in the time period from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2017. RESULTS: Research findings have shown that in most cases, the referral of a patient who has a history of disease has a headache on the diagnostic methods, and especially the MRA is not justified. Findings related to MRAs were in 89% of the cases without the indication of the pathological substrate, and in only 11% of the patients, this finding indicated a pathological substrate. The most common substrate is aneurysm, followed by intracranial bleeding, arteriovenous malformation and tumors. In addition to the MRA, 53% of patients also did a CT scan, 10% did a MRI and 18% had all three tests performed. Patients submitted only to MRA made 19% of patients. A qualitative analysis of previously performed CT and MR trials was made and it most of the cases there were no pathological findings, so when we talk about CT, the percentage was 65% of normal findings and in MRI it was 88%. CONCLUSION: The results of the research have shown that in most cases the referral of a patient who has history of a headache in their medical documentation to the neuroradiological diagnostic methods, and especially MRA is unjustified.The vast majority of the test preformed are unjustified with the patalogical finidings being found only in 11% of the scans when most of the headache can be diagnosed by proper use of guidelines. The counducted research suggests the need to cleary define guidelines for headache diagnosis with clearly defined point when it is justified to use diagnostic imaging methods

Effect of Bubbling on the Potential of Reference Electrode

The method for the examination of gas/water interface electrokinetic behavior is developed. "Bubbling potential", i.e. the difference in the potential of the indicator electrode in the absence and presence of gas bubbles was measured. The indicator electrode is a reference electrode with the porous plug exposed to gas bubbles. The charged bubble in contact with the porous plug would affect the potential of the indicator electrode. However, electrodes, whose potential depends on the reversible interfacial reaction, would be relaxed due to the interfacial ionic equilibration and their potential will not be affected by the presence of bubbles. Measured Bubbling potentials are directly related to electrokinetic - potentials. The proposed method is fast, accurate and reproducible so that it can be used for the examination of gas/water interfaces in different conditions. The isoelectric point of argon bubbles in the aqueous NaCl solution was obtained as pHiep = 3.9 and pHiep = 3.4 at ionic strength of 10–3 and 10–2 mol dm–3, respectively. (doi: 10.5562/cca2235

Primjena slikovnice u provedbi projekata u dječjem vrtiću

Slikovnica je prvo likovno – literarno djelo koje dijete doživljava svim osjetima. Njezina je veća vrijednost ako je odabrana prema uzrastu i edukativnoj vrijednosti. Slikovnice potiču govorno – jezični razvoj u djece te pomoću nje uče o svijetu. Čitanje slikovnica znači i istraživanje umjetnosti s kojom možete privući djecu i poboljšati njihovo iskustvo čitanja. Bogatstvo slikovnica na engleskom govornom području daje veće prilike za usvajanje drugog stranog jezika. U ovom radu ćemo govoriti kako upravo pomoću slikovnice djeca bogate svoj riječnik i usvajaju svakodnevne fraze na engleskom jeziku kroz projektno učenje u dječjem vrtiću. Kroz projekte koji su spomenuti u ovom radu djeca su naučila o raznim svjetskim slikarima i njihovim djelima, o interkulturalnosti engleskog govornog područja

Real-time volumetric lipid imaging in vivo by intravascular photoacoustics at 20 frames per second

Lipid deposition can be assessed with combined intravascular photoacoustic/ultrasound (IVPA/US) imaging. To date, the clinical translation of IVPA/US imaging has been stalled by a low imaging speed and catheter complexity. In this paper, we demonstrate imaging of lipid targets in swine coronary arteries in vivo, at a clinically useful frame rate of 20 s−1. We confirmed image contrast for atherosclerotic plaque in human samples ex vivo. The system is on a mobile platform and provides real-time data visualization during acquisition. We achieved an IVPA signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB. These data show that clinical translation of IVPA is possible in principle

Spatially-resolved soft materials for controlled release – hybrid hydrogels combining a robust photo-activated polymer gel with an interactive supramolecular gel

Hybrid hydrogels based on self-assembling low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) DBS-CONHNH2 (DBS = 1,3;2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol) and crosslinked polymer gelator (PG) PEGDM (poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate) are reported, and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (naproxen, NPX) is incorporated. The use of PEGDM as PG enhances the mechanical stiffness of the hybrid gel (G′ increases from 400 to 4500 Pa) – the LMWG enhances its stability to very high frequency. Use of DBS-CONHNH2 as LMWG enables interactions with NPX and hence allows pH-mediated NPX release – the PG network is largely orthogonal and only interferes to a limited extent. Use of photo-activated PEGDM as PG enables spatially-resolved photo-patterning of robust hybrid gel domains within a preformed LMWG network – the presence of the LMWG enhances the spatial resolution. The photo-patterned multi-domain gel retains pH-mediated NPX release properties and directionally releases NPX into a compartment of higher pH. The two components within these hybrid PG/LMWG hydrogels therefore act largely independently of one another, although they do modify each others properties in subtle ways. Hybrid hydrogels capable of spatially controlled unidirectional release have potential applications in tissue engineering and drug-delivery

Shaping and Structuring Supramolecular Gels

Supramolecular gels assemble via non-covalent interactions between low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs). The gels form a solid-like nanoscale network spanning a liquid-like continuous phase, translating molecular-scale information into materials performance. However, gels based on LMWGs are often difficult to manipulate, easily destroyed and have poor rheological performance. The recurring image of newly-discovered supramolecular gels is that of an inverted vial showing that the gel can support its own weight against gravity. Such images reflect the limitation that these gels simply fill the vessel in which they are made, with limited ability to be shaped. This property prevents supramolecular gels from having the same impact as polymer gels, despite greater synthetic tunability, reversibility and bio/environmental compatibility. In this Review, we evaluate strategies for imposing different shapes onto supramolecular gels and for patterning structures within them. We review fabrication methods including moulding, self-healing, 3D printing, photopatterning, diffusion and surface-mediated patterning. We discuss gelator chemistries amenable to each method, highlighting how a multi-component approach can aid shaping and structuring. Supramolecular gels with defined shapes, or patterned structures with precisely-controlled compositions, have the potential to intervene in applications such as tissue engineering and nanoscale electronics, as well as opening-up new technologies