Water markets an alternative for central water allocation?

South Africa is entering a whole new era in water management. In the face of efforts to curtail runaway government spending and protect the environment, water institutions must foster the conservation and efficient allocation of existing supplies. They must also take water's growing recreational and environmental value into account. The crucial question is, can the current water institutions meet today's requirements? Despite the resulting inefficiency and waste, traditional resource economists continue to identify taxes, regulations, subsidies, and governmental allocation as solutions to today's water problems. Internationally, there is enough evidence to prove that central allocation with almost any resource gave rise to gross inefficiency. The main reason is the distortions on the value placed on resources within such a centralised planning environment. Resources are either valued to high or to low. What is the value of freshwater and how can water be allocated in such a way as to reflect the scarcity value of water? A non-linear spatial equilibrium model was developed to simulate the impact of a potential water market in the Upper-Berg River: Western Cape. This paper explores water markets as an alternative to central water allocation decisionsResource /Energy Economics and Policy,

'n Aantal sosio politieke persepsies van swart jeugdiges in Stedelike gebiede*

In September 1986 a survey was launched among a sample of black youths in metropolitan areas in the R S A in order to obtain a general picture of some of the most important sociopolitical perceptions of this section of South Africa n society. Trained black f ield -worker s used questionnaires to conduct interviews with 372 youths. The respondents ' views were obtained on, inter alia, the following: black education, school boycotts, black unrest, the type of government they would like to have, black and white leadership, the use of violence and negotiation, and their feelings towards other population groups . Most of the youths were in favour of the exis t in g system of authority at schools, disapproved of school boycotts, preferred the police rather than the army to combat crime, disapproved of the unrest in black residential areas and the current state of emergency and p referred a 'democratic government' and negotiation to violence. Most of the black you ths indicated that Mandela was the best ' black leader and also the best leader for South Africa, regarded the ANC as the organization with most support among blacks, considered their feelings towards whites as 'u n change d ' since a year ago, and felt more 'friendly ' towards coloureds and Indians than towards whites

Die verhouding tussen integrasie- teorie en konflikteorie

The author bases his article on a comparison and evaluation of the contributions of conflict theoreticians and consensus theoreticians in dealing with the phenomenon of social conflict. He looks in some detail at the development of conflict theory, and analysis the views of especially Parsons in this regard. The author is of the opinion, however, that pure conflict theory in sociology, in so far as it manifests itself as an alternative orientation with regard to structural functionalism, should be rejected. He posits the view that there is nothing within the conceptual apparatus of conflict theory which clashes with integration theory, and he accepts the view of Dahrendorf who sees integration theory and conflict theory as applicable in certain situations and their particular demands. He feels that the opposition between the integration model and the conflict model is unfounded

Kernaspekte van die kennissosiologie van Karl Mannheim

The author deals with certain crucial aspects of the sociology of knowledge of Karl Mannheim in view of the fact that he finds that the increase, worldwide, of interest in ideological difficulties in South Africa can fruitfully be dealt with in terms of this form of sociology. This is justified in part by Mannheim's viewpoint that thought is a function of human existence, and this function emanates from needs based on social factors. He traces Mannheim's use of the term ideology (in Sociology), culminating With the Idea that “the birth and death of ideology depends on certain social, economic and 'ecological' factors”. Subsequently he deals with a whole line of aspects of the sociology of knowledge as expounded by Mannheim, culminating in the idea that shifts in views with regard to lifeview and underlying values take place when there is a rapid upward (vertical) mobility, leading to uncertainties and a lack of trust in established values

'N aantal sosiopolitieke persepsie van swart jeugdiges in stedelike gebiede*

In September 198G a survey was launched among a sample of black youths in metropolitan areas in the R S A in order to obtain a general picture of some of the most important sociopolitical perceptions of this section of South Africa n society. Trained black field -worker s used questionnaires to conduct interviews with 372 youths. The respondents ' views were obtained on, inter alia, the following: black education, school boycotts, black unrest, the type of government they would like to have, black and white leadership, the use of violence and negotiation, and their feelings towards other population groups . Most of the youths were in favour of the existing system of authority at schools, disapproved of school boycotts, preferred the police rather than the army to combat crime, disapproved of the unrest in black residential areas and the current state of emergency and p referred a 'democratic government' and negotiation to violence. Most of the black youth s indicated that Mandela was the best ' black leader and also the best leader for South Africa, regarded the A N C as the organization with most support among blacks, considered their feelings towards whites as 'u n changed ' since a year ago, and felt more 'friendly ' towards coloureds and Indians than towards whites

Depression and exposure to violence among Venda and Northern Sotho adolescents in South Africa

Objective: Despite the high levels of violence in South Africa, a lacunae in research exists regarding the influence of violence exposure on children. This study investigated the correlation between children’s exposure to violence and the development of psychological problems such as depression. Method: 186 Venda and 151 Northern Sotho adolescents were studied in a questionnaire survey to determine this relationship. Two measuring instruments were used: The Children’s Depression Inventoryand the Child Exposure to Violence Form. Results: When comparing gender, no significant differences were found in terms of overall exposure to violence between males and females. For depression, the total group of girls had a remarkably higher prevalence of depression. Regarding ethnic comparison, no significant differences were found in terms of overall exposure to violence or for witnessed events. However, the Venda adolescents had been victims significantly more often. Venda and NorthernSotho females had a similar prevalence of depression, but Northern Sotho boys had a higher depression rate than Venda boys. The correlation between victimisation and total group depression was relatively low for the Northern Sotho group, and non-existent for the Venda group. A significant correlation was found between total exposure to violence and depression for the overall group. Conclusion: This study indicates that adolescents’ exposure to violence and subsequent mental health is an area of concern. However, adolescents could be taught effective coping and problem-solving techniques in schools to help empower them against stressors they might encounter.Key words: Depression; Violence; Adolescents; Venda, Northern Soth

Supply chain risks and smallholder fresh produce farmers in the Gauteng province of South Africa

A survey of 52 smallholder fresh produce farmers was conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa to grasp how risk and its management affect the mainstreaming of smallholder farmers into formal, high-value markets. The study employed a supply chain analysis approach, which focused on the functions and risks that occur along the fresh produce chain. The results highlight the risks that impede the participation of smallholder farmers in formal, high-value chains. At the production level, risk is prominent from input procurement through to the post-harvest stage of the chains. At the retail and consumption level, risks are linked to the adherence to quality and quantity standards, including prescribed packaging, grading, labelling and traceability and transport requirements. As a result of these risks across the formal chain, smallholder farmers often resort to distributing their products in low-value informal markets. The consequence is that smallholder farmers tend to remain trapped in poverty, in part, because of their risk appetites and their ability to bear risk.Further research is required in the areas pertaining to smallholder farmers’ risk appetite and risk-bearing ability and mechanisms to deal with the particular risks in the value chain that impede their all-round ability to escape the “smallholder dilemma”.Keywords: Smallholders, supply chain risks, fresh produce, high-value market

Poetic Seeing in Visual Arts and Theology. Aesthetics as a Spiritual and Loving Gaze within the Human Quest for Meaning.

A human being is essentially homo aestheticus and not in the first place homo faber. In the light of this basic assumption, it is argued that, due to poetic seeing, interconnectedness between art[1], spirituality and the human quest for meaning exists. It is virtually impossible to define art. However, in one way or another, art is connected to imagination, inspiration and creativity. Art probes into the realm of the unseen, thus the value of iconic seeing in visual arts. By means of art, objects are moved into imagination and connected to the ‘idea’ beyond the vision of phenomenological observation. Serious art probes into the dimension of the unseen; it makes the invisible, visible. Art deals inter alia with ‘signals of transcendence’ (Peter Berger)[2] and opens up new avenues for religious thinking and spiritual experiences. Serious art can thus contribute to the healing dimension of spiritual wholeness. Art can even assist theology in the reframing of existing God-images. In this regard, the notions of a Compassionate God and God as Covenantal Partner for Life, become appropriate alternatives for the imperialistic pantokrator-images (omni-categories) of theism.Poëtiese skoue in visuele kunste en teologie. Estetika as ‘n spirituele en liefdevolle kyk binne die raamwerk van die mens se soeke na sinDie mens is wesenlik homo aestheticus en nie in die eerste plek homo faber nie. In die lig van die estetiese funksie van ‘n poëtiese skoue kan ‘n netwerkverband tussen kuns, spiritualiteit en die mens se soeke na sin voorveronderstel word. Dit is basies onmoontlik om kuns finaal te definieer. Tog het kuns op een of ander manier te doen met ‘ver-beeld-ing’, inspirasie en kreatiwiteit. Kuns dring die sfeer van die onsienlike binne en ‘maak’ op ‘n skeppende wyse die onsienlike in objekte en visuele waarneming, sigbaar; dit werk heuristies en kreatief-ontdekkend; dit penetreer die sogenaamde ‘idee’ agter dit wat mens in die fenomenologie van waarneming ‘sien’. Kuns is in ‘n sekere sin ikonies en staan in verband met transendensie. Kuns breek brute werklikheid oop en is ‘n soort van venster vir sinvolle spirituele ervaringe en religieuse denke. Ernstige kuns kan beskou word as ‘n vorm van heling op die vlak van ‘spirituele gesondheid’ (wholeness). Die basiese hipotese is dat die visuele kunste teologie kan help om bestaande, geykte vorme van teologisering, te transformeer. So byvoorbeeld kan die imperialistiese pantokrator-idee van‘n ‘onveranderlike, teïstiese God’ (omni-kategorie) deur middel van religieuse estetika verskuif na die sensitiewe ‘Mee-lydende God’ (patos-kategorie): God nie as kousaliteitsbeginsel nie maar as Lewende Verbondspartner.[1]           There are different levels and dimensions of art. The article focuses on the visual arts, although the principles of aesthetics are applicable to all forms of arts.[2]           Peter Berger (1992:121) in A Far Glory: The Quest for Faith in an Age of Credulity. “In openness to the signals of transcendence the true proportions of our experience are rediscovered. This is the comic relief of redemption; it makes it possible for us to laugh and to play with a new fullness.” Signals of transcendence create spiritual spaces for processes of hoping when life seems to be merely the tragedy of a cul de sac. https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.80.1.220

Full-Depth Recycling Study: Test Track Construction and First Level Analysis of Phase 1 HVS and Laboratory Testing

This first-level report describes the first phase of a study comparing the performance of four different full-depth pavement reclamation strategies, namely pulverization with no stabilization (FDR-NS), stabilization with foamed asphalt and portland cement (FDR-FA), stabilization with portland cement only (FDR-PC), and stabilization with engineered asphalt emulsion (FDR-EE). A literature review, the test track layout and design, stabilization and asphalt concrete mix designs, and test track construction are discussed, as well as results of Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) and laboratory testing. A number of problems were experienced during construction of the FDR-PC and FDR-EE lanes on the test track and consequently only the FDR-NS and FDR-FA lanes and one section of the FDR-PC lane (5 percent measured cement content) were considered satisfactorily uniform for the purposes of accelerated pavement testing. The FDR-FA and FDR-PC sections performed very well and testing on both was terminated long before the terminal rut of 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) or average crack density of 0.8 ft/ft2 (2.5 m/m2 ) were reached (no cracks were observed on either section). The two FDR-NS sections performed acceptably, with the section with the thicker asphalt surfacing (120 mm) outperforming the section with the thinner asphalt surfacing (60 mm), as expected. Terminal rut was reached on both sections, but no cracking was observed. The FDR-EE sections performed poorly, with terminal rut and terminal cracking both reached after a limited number of load repetitions. This poor performance was attributed to problems associated with construction, and consequently no conclusions can be drawn from the test results regarding this stabilization strategy. The advantages of using foamed asphalt with cement and cement only recycling strategies over recycling strategies with no stabilization are clearly evident from the results. A second phase of accelerated pavement testing, full-scale field testing, and additional laboratory testing are planned to collect sufficient data for the development of mechanistic-empirical design criteria (and revised gravel factors) for full-depth reclaimed pavements. However, there is sufficient evidence to show that pavements that are rehabilitated using full-depth reclamation strategies will satisfactorily withstand design traffic levels common in California. Rehabilitation using this approach is quick, has minimal disruption to traffic, reuses all materials, does not require removal of material from the site, and effectively replaces weak base layers, thus preventing reflective cracking that is common in more traditional overlay projects. Based on these conclusions, it is recommended that full-depth reclamation be promoted as an appropriate rehabilitation strategy in California. Future research on partial- and full-depth reclamation should be coordinated to facilitate consistent design and specification documentation, and to facilitate the preparation of a comprehensive guide covering all forms of pavement recycling

Barriers identified that limited participation of Central University of Technology Academic Staff in National Research Foundation funding programmes

Published ArticleThese results suggest that those academics who have participated in NRF funding programmesmanage their time better. •Results suggest a link between the non participation rate of NRF funding, academic responsibilities and a lack of time management skills. •Dissonance is typically resolved by changing attitude, it is therefore recommended that time management training and platforms be created where staff can express free choice