5,605 research outputs found
Solving the mystery of human sleep schedules one mutation at a time.
Sleep behavior remains one of the most enigmatic areas of life. The unanswered questions range from "why do we sleep?" to "how we can improve sleep in today's society?" Identification of mutations responsible for altered circadian regulation of human sleep lead to unique opportunities for probing these territories. In this review, we summarize causative circadian mutations found from familial genetic studies to date. We also describe how these mutations mechanistically affect circadian function and lead to altered sleep behaviors, including shifted or shortening of sleep patterns. In addition, we discuss how the investigation of mutations can not only expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the circadian clock and sleep duration, but also bridge the pathways between clock/sleep and other human physiological conditions and ailments such as metabolic regulation and migraine headaches
The LSND and MiniBooNE Oscillation Searches at High
This paper reviews the results of the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments. The
primary goal of each experiment was to effect sensitive searches for neutrino
oscillations in the mass region with eV. The two
experiments are complementary, and so the comparison of results can bring
additional information with respect to models with sterile neutrinos. Both
experiments obtained evidence for
oscillations, and MiniBooNE also observed a excess.
In this paper, we review the design, analysis, and results from these
experiments. We then consider the results within the global context of sterile
neutrino oscillation models. The final data sets require a more extended model
than the simple single sterile neutrino model imagined at the time that LSND
drew to a close and MiniBooNE began. We show that there are apparent
incompatibilities between data sets in models with two sterile neutrinos.
However, these incompatibilities may be explained with variations within the
systematic error. Overall, models with two (or three) sterile neutrinos seem to
succeed in fitting the global data, and they make interesting predictions for
future experiments.Comment: Posted with permission from the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle
Science, Volume 63. \c{opyright} 2013 by Annual Reviews,
http://www.annualreviews.or
Parity Reversing Involutions on Plane Trees and 2-Motzkin Paths
The problem of counting plane trees with edges and an even or an odd
number of leaves was studied by Eu, Liu and Yeh, in connection with an identity
on coloring nets due to Stanley. This identity was also obtained by Bonin,
Shapiro and Simion in their study of Schr\"oder paths, and it was recently
derived by Coker using the Lagrange inversion formula. An equivalent problem
for partitions was independently studied by Klazar. We present three parity
reversing involutions, one for unlabelled plane trees, the other for labelled
plane trees and one for 2-Motzkin paths which are in one-to-one correspondence
with Dyck paths.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Effects of Alternative Cropping Patterns and Management Decisions on Soil Erosion and Revenue, Region VII, North Dakota
This report focuses on the economic impact of selected agricultural management policies and the corresponding effect upon soil erosion.Farm Management, Land Economics/Use,
Crime and Deterrence: Correlation Analysis
A correlation analysis of the severity and certainty of punish ment and offense rates for the major index crimes produces results consistent with the predictions of deterrence theory. Certainty of punishment proves to be the chief deterrent for most crimes. Homicide, however, is influenced by severity, pos sibly reflecting the differences between homicide and other of fenses. Little evidence of interaction is found between certainty and severity in effects on crime rate. A powerfunction proves to better describe the relationship between the punishment varia bles and crime rates than a rectilinear equation-a conclusion which, even apart from the date, appears more reasonable than the reverse
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