[Review of] Lydio F. Tomasi, ed. Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity

There are those who have heralded the 1980s as The Decade of the Italian American as many of the 20 million Americans of Italian descent achieve increasing prominence in politics, business, education and the arts. This new role assumed by Americans of immigrant stock has necessitated revised patterns of investigation addressing the impact of socio-economic mobility, the effects of transmigration and the growing phenomenon of exogenous marriage. For example, of the Italian American women born since 1950, between two-thirds and three-quarters have married outside the ethnic group. Finally, the size and multigenerational sampling provided by the Italian American population invites careful study of rural versus urban assimilation patterns, analysis of the relationship of sojourner settlement patterns to politico-economic conditions in the homeland, and an investigation of the myriad variations of acculturation affected by class, age and extent of social support network

Development of inorganic non-flammable spacecraft potting, encapsulating, and conformal coating compounds Final report

Development of inorganic nonflammable potting, encapsulating, and coating compounds for spacecraf

Critique [of Reclaiming the Subject: Italian Women Self-Defined by Chris Ruggiero]

The results of the 1980 United States census indicate that about twelve million persons were reported as being partly or solely of Italian ancestry. One in twenty people in the United States or 5.4 percent of the total U.S. population claims Italian descent, representing the sixth largest group in the United States

Reproductive potential of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) on a range of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions

The black bean aphid is one of the main insect pests of faba bean, leading to yieldlosses in many countries. The aphid inflicts damage to faba bean through directphloem feeding and indirectly by transmission of several viruses. Sources of geneticresistance or tolerance to the aphid have been hard to identify and to use in breedingbecause of the high environmental variability of the attack, the weak and partialnature of the resistance when found, and the low repeatability of experiments. Arange of molecular genotyping tools is now available for identifying the genes under-lying key traits in faba bean. Hence, we screened the responses of eight inbred lines(Columbo, Albus, Closed-flower, Diana, Hedin/2, Icarus, ILB938/2, and Mélodie/2) offaba bean, derived from commercial cultivars and experimental germplasm, to aphidinfestation in controlled (no-choice-test) and field (preference test) conditions. In thecontrolled environment, aphid performance was assessed by measuring fecundityand determining the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm). In the field experiment,population growth was examined on Columbo, Closed-flower, Hedin/2, andILB938/2 during June and July. Each week, 10 plants in each plot, randomly chosenat the start, were screened for aphid colonization and number of plants attacked. Foreach plant, an index number was given reflecting the severity of aphid presence. Ourresults demonstrate a clear conformity between the results obtained from the indoorpot experiments and the field experiments. In both experiments, ILB938/2 showedpartial resistance with significantly lower fecundity,rm, and field infestation whencompared with the known susceptible line Columbo. The consistently strong perfor-mance of ILB938/2 against the black bean aphid suggests that it carries a factor orfactors rendering it unconducive to aphid landing, feeding, and/or reproduction. Fur-ther investigation into the resistance mechanisms of ILB938/2 is planned

Physicochemical and sensory quality of chiffon cake prepared with rebaudioside-A and erythritol as replacement for sucrose

2012 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Rebaudioside-A has been used for many years throughout the world as a non-nutritive sweetener in many different food systems (Goyal et al. 2010), however, up until 2008, it was not an approved food sweetener in the United States (FDA 2008). Prior to this approval, stevia extracts were found in herbal and health food stores throughout the United States since the 1970's (Carakostas et al. 2008). Since the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in 1994, stevia extracts were legally sold as "dietary supplements" in the United States marketplace (Carakostas et al. 2008). However, under the DSHEA, these products were not permitted to be marketed with any packaging or advertising language suggesting that they be used as a sweetener (Carakostas et al. 2008). Since 2008, Truvia™ brand sweetener produced and marketed by Cargill (2010) has been available on the consumer market in the United States. This sweetener is a mixture of rebaudioside-A and erythritol that is made for a consumer to replace sucrose in applications at a 1:1 ratio (Cargill 2010). The sweetening characteristics of rebaudioside-A appear to be approximately 300 times that of sucrose (Lin and Lee 2005) and digestion, if any, occurs in the large intestine by gastrointestinal microflora, lending a minimal caloric intake to the user. Truvia™ and other blends of rebaudioside-A and erythritol can be used as a natural non-nutritive sugar alternative and may prove to be an effective and acceptable replacement to sucrose in baked systems such as chiffon cake (Cargill 2010). Rebaudioside-A is an leaf extract of the Stevia rebaudiana plant (Cargill 2010) and erythritol is a four-carbon polyol widely found in nature in such food as melons, grapes, pears, seaweeds, fungi as well as naturally occurring in fermented food products (Moon et al. 2010). The purpose of this research was to determine the physicochemical and sensory effects of replacing a mixture of rebaudioside-A and erythritol for sucrose at varying levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in chiffon cake. Analytical testing of specific gravity, texture, volume, water activity, moisture, color and differential scanning calorimetry was conducted on the five cake formulations in addition to nutritional analysis and a consumer sensory evaluation (n = 40). Five treatments were prepared using four replications in a randomized complete block one factor design. ANOVA was used to determine significant differences. If so, differences among means were examined using Tukey's honestly significant difference. There were no differences in instrumental color of crust or crumb among any of the replacement levels with the exception that crumb color of both the control and 25% reduced sucrose samples were "more yellow" than the 100% reduced sucrose cakes (p < 0.05). Water activity ranged from 0.86 to 0.91 and some statistical differences were found among treatments. However, there were no differences in percent moisture. Texture analysis showed the 25 and 50% reduced sucrose cakes were more tender than the 100% reduced sucrose cake (p < 0.05). Volume and specific gravity tests had no differences among treatments. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that as the replacement level of sucrose with a mixture of rebaudioside-A and erythritol increased, both the onset and peak temperatures decreased. These results corresponded with DSC testing conducted by Lim and others (1992) on wheat starch, sucrose and water interactions. Enthalpy was consistent for the control, 25 and 50% reduced sucrose samples and increased for both the 75 and 100% samples; however, differences were small and would likely not be detectable by consumers. A nine-point hedonic scale ranging from "like extremely" to "dislike extremely" was used to measure overall liking of color of crumb, tenderness, sweetness, aftertaste and overall acceptability. Panelists were asked to rank preference of the five samples from one to five with one being the most preferred. Sensory panelists "liked" all of the chiffon cake samples and the highest "overall acceptability" scores were for cakes prepared with 25 and 50% reduction in sucrose (p < 0.05). These two samples also ranked highest in preference (p < 0.05). Additionally panelists "liked" the tenderness of the 25 and 50% reduced sucrose cakes more than the other samples (p < 0.05). For sweetness and aftertaste, panelists "liked" the 25, 50 and 75% reduced sucrose cakes (p < 0.05). Chiffon cake prepared with 50% sucrose and 50% rebaudioside-A and erythritol resulted in a product with high overall consumer acceptability and 20% fewer calories than one formulated with 100% sucrose

College fund-raising in New England: an examination of the problems and the constituencies.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

Manual emasculation and pollination methods for wheat and barley crossing

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several methods of emasculation and pollination on the efficiency of producing F1 seed of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Then.). Winter barley cultivars \u27Volbar\u27 (female parent) and \u27Harrison\u27 (male parent) were used in this study. In wheat, the cultivars Arthur\u27 (female parent) and \u27Blueboy\u27 (male parent) were chosen. Thirteen treatments were used in order to evaluate the effectiveness of some of the logical combinations of three methods of emasculation (clip, scissor, and pry or slit) and five methods of pollination (approach, anther, twirl, folded paper, and spatula). Control treatments consisting of emasculation without pollination tested the efficiency of the emasculation treatments in preventing selfing. In the wheat study, it was found that all three methods of emasculation were effective, and that there were no significant differences (P ≤ .05) in the effectiveness of the methods. Selfing rates were 4.9%, 3.5%, and 0.0% for the clip, scissor, and pry methods. The highest percent seed set (68.3%) was achieved when wheat spikes were emasculated by the clip method and pollinated by the approach method. This treatment resulted in a percent seed set which was significantly higher (P ≤ .05) than that of all other treatments except for a treat ment with clip emasculation and folded paper pollination method, which gave the second highest percent seed set, 57.2%. Seed weight of the F1 seed was significantly higher (P ≤ .05) when the pry method of emasculation was combined with the ripe anther and spatula methods of pollination. Scissor emasculated spikes produced the lightest seeds, while clip emasculated spikes produced seed of intermediate weight. In the barley study, it was found that all three methods of emasculation were highly effective, and that there were no significant differences (P ≤ .05) in the effectiveness of the methods. Selfing rates were 0.48%, 0.26%, and 0.0% for the clip, scissor, and slit methods. Barley spikes which were emasculated using the slit method and pollinated using the ripe anther method had the highest percent seed set of all the treatments, 75.5%. However, this treatment was not significantly (P ≤ .05) higher in percent seed set than six of the other nine non-control treatments. Seed weight of the F1 seed, which often affects germination and seedling vigor, was significantly higher when the slit method of emasculation and the ripe anther or spatula methods of pollination were used. Scissor emasculated spikes produced the lightest seeds, while clip emasculated spikes produced seed of intermediate weight regardless of method of pollination. It was found in both the wheat and barley studies that some of the techniques involved were very laborious and time-consuming, while others were fast and easy. For wheat, greatest returns on time and labor were achieved when clip emasculated spikes were pollinated using the approach method. For barley, greatest returns on time and labor were achieved when scissor emasculation was combined with the approach or twirl methods of pollination

Variability for yield and yield components in the IAP1R grain sorghum random-mating population

IAP1R grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench random-mating population was constituted in 1973 using 80% adapted U.S. germplasm and 20% converted exotic sorghums. One hundred twenty half-sib and 120 C(,1) families chosen randomly from the C3 were evaluated in Experiment I at Ames (central Iowa), and a further sample of 120 S(,1) families was evaluated in Experiment II at Ames and Castana (western Iowa);Population means and genotype ranges for grain yield, components of grain yield, and other agronomic traits indicated that mass selection with enforced outcrossing had released latent variability through recombination and breakage of linkage blocks without deleterious effects on population means. Means and ranges were large enough to indicate that IAP1R should be a useful breeding population;Estimates of inbreeding depression at 100% homozygosity were significant for grain yield traits (-13.7%), seed number traits (-8.2%), and 100-seed weight (-4.9%). All other traits displayed additive gene action. Progeny mean estimates of heritability for S(,1) families were much lower for several traits in Experiment II than in Experiment I. The lower values resulted from large genotype-environment interactions and environments less favorable for expression of genetic variance in Experiment II. Heritability of grain yield/unit area was 0.74 in Experiment II vs. 0.85 in Experiment I. Estimates for the two experiments were similar for seed number traits (0.79 vs 0.77) and 100-seed weight (0.78 vs 0.82). Estimates of heritability on an individual plant basis for grain yield/unit area were lower in Experiment II (0.06 vs 0.13), but the estimates varied little for seeds/panicle (0.23 vs 0.20) and 100-seed weight (0.43 vs 0.41);Genetic correlations with grain yield/unit area were highest for seeds/panicle (0.53-0.65). The coefficients were low for panicles/plant (0.07-0.27) and 100-seed weight (0.32 to -0.16). Phenotypic correlations of grain yield/unit area were positive with height (0.41) and maturity (0.29);Gridded mass selection was estimated to be the most effective procedure for improving seed size. S(,1) testing seemed preferable for improvement of grain yield, seeds/panicle, and panicles/plant. Selection for yield components was estimated to be less effective than direct selection for grain yield

The Relationship Between Experiential Variables and the Occurence of Duodenal Ulcer

INTRODUCTION The research about to be reported is part of a larger research program with duodenal ulcer patients carried out at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, under the direction of Drs. Gerald R. Pascal. and William O. Jenkins of the University of Tennessee Psychology Department. This research program has attempted to bring a systematic, behaviorally-oriented approach to the problem ot duodenal ulcer. The early work of Bergmann (3) has been followed by sufficient expermental research, notably that of Wolf and Wolff (28), Mittelmann and Wolff (16), Gantt (8) and Sawrey (24, 25), to make tentative the hypothesis that there is what may be called a psychogenic factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. This hypothesis seems to have been commonly accepted into both medical and psychological thinking. Twenty-six years ago, in fact, Cushing observed that most medical men of that day recognized that high-strung individuals were more susceptible to nervous indigestion and peptic ulcer, that the ulcer symptoms became quiescent or even tended to heal when the patients were put mentally and physically at rest, and that these symptoms tended to recur as soon as the patient resumed his former tasks and responsibilities (6). Despite its widespread acceptance, however, the precise relationship of this psychogenic factor to the physiology of duodenal ulcer has not been clearly understood, nor has this psychogenic factor itself been acceptably defined

The Relationship Between Experimental Variables and the Occurence of Duodenal Ulcer

The research about to be reported is part of a larger research program with duodenal ulcer patients carried out at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, under the direction of Drs. Gerald R. Pascal and William O. Jenkins of the University of Tennessee Psychology Department. This research program has attempted to bring a systematic, behaviorally-oriented approach to the problem of duodenal ulcer. The early work of Bergmann (3) has been followed by sufficient experimental research, notably that of Wolf and Wolff (28), Mittelmann and Wolff (16), Gantt (8) and Sawrey (24, 25), to make tentative the hypothesis that there is what may be called a psychogenic factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. This hypothesis seems to have been commonly accepted into both medical and psychological thinking. Twenty-six years ago, in fact, Cushing observed that most medical men of that day recognized that high strung individuals were more susceptible to nervous indigestion and peptic ulcer, that the ulcer symptoms became quiescent or even tended to heal when the patients were put mentally and physically at rest, and that these symptoms tended to recur as soon as the patient resumed his former tasks and responsibilities (6). Despite its widespread acceptance, however, the precise relationship of this psychogenic factor to the physiology of duodenal ulcer has not been clearly understood, nor has this psychogenic factor itself been acceptably defined