57 research outputs found

    Intellektuellen-Status und intellektuelle Kontroversen im Kontext der Wiedervereinigung

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    Nicht nur die beiden Gesellschaften, sondern auch die Intellektuellen aus Ost- und Westdeutschland befinden sich nach der Wiedervereinigung in einem ProzeรŸ des Umbruchs und der Umgruppierung. Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchten die beiden Beitrรคge von Wolfgang Emmerich und Lothar Probst in Heft 4 der Reihe "Materialien und Ergebnisse aus Forschungsprojekten des Institutes" Statusverรคnderungen und Kontroversen intellektueller Formationen in Deutschland. Beide Beitrรคge berรผhren sich in ihrer Darstellung des Antifaschismus in der DDR als identitรคtsstiftender "Zivilreligion" (Helmut Dubiel) und Loyalitรคtsfalle. Wolfgang Emmerich zeichnet am Beispiel bekannter DDR-Schriftsteller nach, wie der Antifaschismus als ideologische Klammer bei zwei Autoren-generationen gewirkt hat, wรคhrend Lothar Probst den sowohl bei Ost- als auch bei Westintellektuellen anzutreffenden Mythos vom "antifaschistischen Charakter" der DDR problematisiert.Not only the two societies but also both the East and West German intellectuals have been, after the reunification, in a process of radical change and regrouping. Against this background, the two articles by Wolfgang Emmerich and Lothar Probst in number 4 of the series "Materialien und Ergebnisse aus Forschungsprojekten des Institutes" illuminate changes of status and controversies of intellectual formations in Germany. The two articles coincide in the way they present antifascism in East Germany as an identity-creating "Zivilreligion" (Helmut Dubiel) and a loyalty trap. Taking well-known East German authors as examples, Wolfgang Emmerich describes how antifascism worked as an ideological grip on two generations of authors, while Lothar Probst raises the issue of the myth, to be found in the writings of Eastern as well as Western intellectuals, of East Germany's "antifascist character"

    A disposable picolitre bioreactor for cultivation and investigation of industrially relevant bacteria on the single cell level

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    Grรผnberger A, Paczia N, Probst C, et al. A disposable picolitre bioreactor for cultivation and investigation of industrially relevant bacteria on the single cell level. Lab on a Chip. 2012;12(11):2060-2068

    Of โ€œraisinsโ€ and โ€œyeastโ€: mobilisation and framing in the East German revolution of 1989

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    There is no shortage of literature on the social movements that arose in East Germany in 1989. Numerous studies have shed light upon the nature, scale and dynamics of the uprising of that year. But on certain issues questions remain. No consensus exists, for example, on the relationship between the โ€œcivic groupsโ€ (New Forum, Democratic Awakening, etc.) and the street protests of the autumn of 1989. Were these simply two facets of a single movement? Or are they better characterised as two distinct streams within the same movement delta? Did the street protests push the civic movement activists into the limelight? Or is it more accurate to say, with Reinfried Musch, that โ€œthe civic movement brought the people onto the streetsโ€?1 This paper considers two contrasting interpretations of these issues, and finds both wanting. An alternative interpretation is offered, one that draws upon Marc Steinberg's โ€œdialogicalโ€ development of frame theory

    Hannah-Arendt-Preis fรผr politisches Denken in Bremen

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    ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ -๋…์ผ ํ†ต์ผ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ ๋‚ด์  ํ†ต์ผ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

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    ๋ถ„๋‹จ๋œ ๋…์ผ์ด ํ†ต์ผ ๋œ ํ›„ 12๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„๊ณง ๋™๋…๊ณผ ์†Œ๋… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋‚ด์  ํ†ต์ผ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋…์ผ์ด ์ •์น˜์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ด์  ํ†ต์ผ๋„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์กฐํ™”์™€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋™๊ฒฝ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์•„์ง๋„ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ, ๋…์ผ ํ†ต์ผ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตฌ ๋™์„œ๋… ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์— ์ ์  ๋” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ด์งˆ๊ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ ์  ์ปค์ ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ๏ผŒ ์ •์น˜์ ๏ผŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ๋„๋‚˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋™ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์„œ๋…์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ด์งˆ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์˜ฌ๊นŒ? ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ค๋ช…๋ชจํ…”์€ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ธ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ†ต์ผ ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์—์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜ํ…Œ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ 1900๋…„์— ๋™๋…์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์•ฝ ๋•Œ% ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๋™๋…์˜ ์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹ค์—…์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™๋…์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋… ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์„œ๋…์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋…์ผํ†ต์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๋…์ธ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๏ผŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ก์€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€์‹  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์ฒด์™€ ์ง์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ๋™๋…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ๋†’์€ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ค‘๋™๋ถ€ ์ธ์ ‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ๏ผŒ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜ํ…Œ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ค๋ช…๋ชจํ…”๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜•ํ™”ํ…Œ์ œ(์ง€์†์„ฑํ…Œ์ œ)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ…Œ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ†ต์„œ๋… ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜์„ค์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜์‹ ๋“ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ 90%๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ผ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›์น™์—๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜๋ชจํ…”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์น˜์  ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊พ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์›์น™์ด ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐํ˜•ํ™” ํ…Œ์ œ(์ง€์†์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ œ)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ–์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘ ์„ค๋ช…๋ชจํ…”์˜ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด๏ผŒ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋˜๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐํ˜•ํ™” ํ…Œ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•œ ๋™๋…์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ด๋…๊ณผ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์— ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ ์„œ๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํšŒ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋™๋…์ด ์„œ๋…์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…์žฌ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ œ๋„์™€ ์กฐ์ง ์ฆ‰ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์‚ถ๏ผŒ ์ฆ‰ ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ ๋™ํ†ก์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์กฐ์ง์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์  ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋™๋…์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์–ต์••์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋…์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ์†๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๋™๋…์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ธ์ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๏ผŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ™œ๋™๊ณต๊ฐ„๏ผŒ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์ถ”๊ตฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์žˆ์–ด ์™”๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ฒด์ œ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•ด ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋…์ง€์—ญ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™๋…์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๏ผŒ ์ƒํ™œํ˜•์‹๏ผŒ ์ž…์žฅ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด๏ผŒ ๋™์„œ๋… ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋™๋… ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋… ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์œต ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ˜œ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์„œ๋… ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ˜•์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ์žŠ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ ํ†ต์ผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ฝ์†๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋™ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์„œ๋…์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ผ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ผ ๋ฟ”์ด์ง€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์  ํ†ต์ผ์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทผ์›์ ์ธ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ํฌ ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์˜ฌ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜์‹์€ ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๏ผŒ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ํ‹ˆ์„ ๋ฉ”์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ตญ์‹ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์‹ ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ฌ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋™๋…์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์„œ๋…์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์‹œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋…์ผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์‹ ํ™”๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด๏ผŒ ๊ตฌ ๋™๋…์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํ†ต์ผ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (์ดˆ๋ก ์ž‘์„ฑ: ์ •ํ•ญ๊ท 

    Anti-Party Discourses in Germany: Three Essays

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    Abstract: Susan Scarrow: The paper argues that there is a logical link between types of party criticisms and types of proposed remedies. It distinguishes three main variants of anti-party discourses - Pluralist, Rouseauian, and Statist - and identifies corresponding remedies. It uses examples from German history to clarify the proposed typology, and to demonstrate the plausibility of the argument.; Abstract Lothar Probst: Following up to the deliberations of Ernst Cassirer and Murray Edelman onthe importance of political myths in the twentieth century, this local study examines specific forms of communication and their contents of symbolisms used by the right-wing populist German People's Union (DVU) to communicate with their voters. The author starts from the assumption that, in overly bureaucratic procedural democratic societies, the failure to create affective bonds and to instill a feeling of identification causes a trend toward the use of symbolic forms in politics. Such a trendis, to a certain degree, the result of the inability of political institutions to solve problems. The political propaganda and the holistic ideology of the DVU suggest that the problems of fragmented societies could be solved by a new identifying social system . Without providing a capability of solving problems, the DVU latches on to a policy filled to the hilt with symbolism's by contributing their own images, pictures and symbols, to successfully reach certain groups of voters. In doing so, the DVU uses simple and populist symbols following the basic pattern of a binary code such as the top/the bottom or we/the others to establish a communication in symbolic forms with their electorate, which is made up of socially intimidated voter groups that are cultural outsiders, politically disinterested and have a below-average education. This study demonstrates with concrete examples, that this type of communication of symbolic forms fulfills at least three prerequisites for creating political myths: (1) It reduces the complexity of political problems to "simple solutions." (2) It satisfies the need for a clear friend-foe definition. (3) It gives disgruntled voter groups the image of a concept they can identify with.; Abstract Ruth Bevan: Petra Kelly's antipolitical credentials normally find validation in her association with the German Greens "antiparty" which she co-founded in 1979. Kelly's rupture with the Greens in 1990 demonstrated, however, that Kelly was in fact antipolitical while the Greens were not. The irreconcilable difference between the two was her antipolitical renouncement of political power in favor of permanent opposition. She argued that no truly independent opposition exists to check state power. Her antipolitical efforts were directed at creating an independent opposition in the name of civil society and at establishing centers of what she called "counter-information". Creating this permanent opposition was Kelly's paramount dilemma of power.
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