Mental Health Status (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) of Employed and Unemployed Women in Yazd, Iran, 2015

Background: Women are one of the sensitive groups that in comparison to men are at higher risk of mental disorders. Women's mental health has a close relation with family and community health. This study was performed to determine the mental health status (depression, anxiety and stress) of employed women and housewives in Yazd City in 2015. Methods: This cross - sectional study was conducted on 120 employed women and 120 housewives visiting health centers in Yazd in 2014. Data were collected through random sampling and by using a questionnaire including demographic information and the DASS-21 questionnaire. Data analysis was performed through SPSS16 software and using t-test and ANOVA. Results: The mean scores of depression and anxiety were significantly lower in employed compared to unemployed women (P<0.001). Among employed women, those in the private sectors had the highest stress and anxiety and workers had the highest depression. Furthermore, physical activity and educational level showed significant inverse correlations with mean scores of depression, anxiety and stress. In terms of marital status, divorced women had the highest rates of depression and anxiety and single women had the highest stress. Conclusion: Results of this study showed higher levels of depression and anxiety in unemployed compared to employed women. Effective interventions for reducing depression and anxiety in housewives are suggested

Nutrition Counseling Position in Reducing the Duration of Admission for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Cataract Surgery

Background and Aim: Cataract is one of the most common ocular diseases caused by various causes including congenital, resulting from trauma, drug or radiation, diabetes, or aging. Diabetes type 2, as a common metabolic disorder, is one of the main reasons for cataracts. we aimed to study nutritional counseling's status on the correction of glucose and urea and creatinine patterns and blood pressure of patients undergoing cataract surgery and reducing the pre-operative hospitalization time. Methods: In this study, 60 women with type 2 diabetes and 39 male participants aged 25 to 65 (aged 25 to 65) were randomly assigned into two groups (control without diet and nutritional counseling). The target group (presentation of diabetic diet and nutrition counseling) went under investigation two weeks before cataract surgery. Blood sampling proceeded from the arm vein in a sitting way one day before and after the diet (12 hours of fasting). Results: Fasting blood glucose, body weight, waist circumference, urea, creatinine, blood pressure, and hospitalization period were significantly decreased after surgery (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that receiving nutrition counseling and diet before cataract surgery can improve fasting blood glucose, 2-hour blood glucose, body weight, urea, creatinine, blood pressure, and thus hospitalization and recovery be reduced after surgery. *Corresponding Author: Fariba Mohammadi Tahroodi; Email: [email protected] Please cite this article as: Vaziri Javid R, Safizadeh F, Lotfi F, Pouriamehr S, Khonakdar-Tarsi A, Akbari Javar A, Zarpou S, Mohammadi Tahroodi F. Nutrition Counseling Position in Reducing the Duration of Admission for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Cataract Surgery. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2019;5(4): 37-43. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v5i4.3008

Age and Gender Effects On Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR)

Objectives: Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) is a result of eight nerve and brain stem nuclei stimulation. Several factors may affect the latencies, interpeak latencies and amplitudes in ABR especially sex and age. In this study, age and sex influence on ABR were studied. Methods: This study was performed on 120 cases (60 males and 60 females) at Akhavan rehabilitation center of university of welfare and rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran. Cases were divided in three age groups: 18-30, 31-50 and 51-70 years old. Each age group consists of 20 males and 20 females. Age and sex influences on absolute latency of wave I and V, and IPL of I-V were examined. Results: Independent t test showed that females have significantly shorter latency of wave I, V, and IPL I-V latency (P<0.001) than males. Two way ANOVA showed that latency of wave I, V and IPL I-V in 51-70 years old group was significantly higher than 18-30 and 31-50 years old groups (P<0.001) Discussion: According to the results of present study and similar studies, in clinical practice, different norms for older adults and both genders should be established

Gender Difference in TEOAEs and Contralateral Suppression of TEOAEs in Normal Hearing Adults

Objectives: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds that originate in cochlea and are measured in external auditory canal and provide a simple, efficient and non-invasive objective indicator of healthy cochlear function. Olivo cochlear bundle (OCB) or auditory efferent system is a neural feedback pathway which originated from brain stem and terminated in the inner ear and can be evaluated non-invasively by applying a contralateral acoustic stimulus and simultaneously measuring reduction of OAEs amplitude. In this study gender differences in TEOAE amplitude and suppression of TEOAE were investigated. Methods: This study was performed at Akhavan rehabilitation centre belonging to the University of Social welfare and rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2011. 60 young adults (30 female and 30 male) between 21 and 27 years old (mean=24 years old, SD=1.661) with normal hearing criteria were selected. Right ear of all cases were tested to neutralize side effect if there is any. Results: According to Independent t-test, TEOAE amplitude was significantly greater in females with mean value of 24.98 dB (P<0.001) and TEOAE suppression was significantly greater in males with mean value of 2.07 dB (P<0.001). Discussion: This study shows that there is a significant gender difference in adult&rsquo;s TEOAE (cochlear mechanisms) and TEOAE suppression (auditory efferent system). The exact reason for these results is not clear. According to this study different norms for males and females might be necessary

Relationship between quality of sleep and mental health in female students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (2015)

Introduction: The sleep deprivation leads to a severe mood changes such as depression and weak scientific performance. Health of students guarantees the scientific level and the development of each society. This Study conducted to investigate relationship between quality of sleep and mental health in female students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (2015). Materials and Methods: Design of this study was cross-sectional analytic that conducted on 250 female students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences through cluster sampling. Data were collected by Pittsburgh Sleep Index and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale-21. Statistical descriptive tests, ANOVA and t-test conducted in SPSS-16 software. Results: The mean score of sleep quality in students was 5.83±2.17. 61.2 % of students had undesirable sleep. Based on the results, the mean score in students was 4.67± 3.71 for depression, 9.49 ± 4.66 for stress and 4.23 ± 3.69 for anxiety. The findings showed a significant relationship between quality of sleep and mental health (depression, stress and anxiety) (P=0.000). Based on results, indigenous (P=0.006), physical activity (P=0.002) and location of residency (P=0.001) were significantly correlated with score of sleep of quality. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, more than half of the students sleep quality is unsatisfactory. According to the study, poor sleep quality and mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) had a profound impact on each other. So, it is recommended the interventions regarding to students sleep quality improvement as an important factor for mental health promotion

Investigation of Auditory Brain Stem Responses (ABRs) In Children with Down Syndrome

Objective: The aim of this study was comparing ABR in normal and down children. Materials & Methods: This study was performed between 1388 to 1391 at Akhavan rehabilitation center of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran and Babol Amir Kola hospital. Forty five 3-6 year-old boy with Down’s syndrome and forty five normal children were selected from available population. After case history, otoscopy and basic hearing tests, ABR test was performed. In ABR absolute latencies, interpeak latencies and amplitude ratio of V/I were analyzed. For analyzing data, parametric independent t test was selected. Results: Latencies and inter-peak latencies of I-III, I-V (P-value<0.001), III-V (P-value=0.01) and V/I amplitude ratio (P-value<0.001) were shorter than normal. Children with Down syndrome had significantly higher threshold than normal children (P-value<0.001). Conclusion: Peripheral auditory system development is delayed and brainstem function in children with Down’s syndrome is abnormal. Early diagnosis of hearing impairments and intervention in these children is very important because it affects communication skills

Auditory Brainstem Response Improvements in Hyperbillirubinemic Infants

Background and Objectives: Hyperbillirubinemia in infants have been associated with neuronal damage including in the auditory system. Some researchers have suggested that the bilirubin-induced auditory neuronal damages may be temporary and reversible. This study was aimed at investigating the auditory neuropathy and reversibility of auditory abnormalities in hyperbillirubinemic infants. Subjects and Methods: The study participants included 41 full term hyperbilirubinemic infants (mean age 39.24 days) with normal birth weight (3,2003,700 grams) that admitted in hospital for hyperbillirubinemia and 39 normal infants (mean age 35.54 days) without any hyperbillirubinemia or other hearing loss risk factors for ruling out maturational changes. All infants in hyperbilirubinemic group had serum bilirubin level more than 20 milligram per deciliter and undergone one blood exchange transfusion. Hearing evaluation for each infant was conducted twice: the first one after hyperbilirubinemia treatment and before leaving hospital and the second one three months after the first hearing evaluation. Hearing evaluations included transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) screening and auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold tracing. Results: The TEOAE and ABR results of control group and TEOAE results of the hyperbilirubinemic group did not change significantly from the first to the second evaluation. However, the ABR results of the hyperbilirubinemic group improved significantly from the first to the second assessment (p=0.025). Conclusions: The results suggest that the bilirubin induced auditory neuronal damage can be reversible over time so we suggest that infants with hyperbilirubinemia who fail the first hearing tests should be reevaluated after 3 months of treatment

Pair Dichotic Digits in 8 to 12-Year-Old Children

Objectives: All subjects suspected of Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) were previously tested by free recall dichotic digits test (DDT). The study objective was normalization and reliability evaluation of two-pair DDT in 750 native Persian subjects aged 8 to 12 years. Materials: A total of 750 subjects were divided into five age groups varying between 8 years and 12 years and 11 months old. Each age group had 150 subjects. DDT was tested in free recall condition. For evaluating DDT test-retest reliability, 300 participants (60 subjects in each age group) were tested again after one month. Results: Right and left ear mean score increased from 71.68(±2.19) and 58.51(±1.71) in the 8-year-old group to 90.26(±1.96) and 88.38(±1.36) in 12-year-old group, respectively. The mean Right Ear Advantage (REA) decreased from 13.16(±2.58) in the 8-year-old group to 1.88(±2.49) in the 12-year-old group. A high stability was observed between test-retest results (P&lt;0.0001). Discussion: Persian version of two-pair dichotic digits exhibited proper reliability for evaluating 8 to 12-year-old subjects, and the study results can be used for evaluating the dichotic hearing function in subjects of the same age group

دستگاه وابران شنوایی و مهار دگرسوی گسیل‌های صوتی گوش

مقدمه: از زمان کشف گسیل‌های صوتی گوش یا OAEs (otoacoustic emissions)، پیشرفت‌های شگرفی در زمینه‌ ثبت این پاسخ در گروه‌های بالینی مختلف و در بررسی فیزیولوژی حلزون صورت گرفته است. یکی از مهمترین کاربردهای OAEs، بررسی عملکرد دستگاه وابران شنوایی است. این مقاله به فیزیولوژی دستگاه وابران شنوایی و پیامدهای درگیری این دستگاه در جمعیت‌های مختلف بالینی می‌پردازد. بر خلاف دستگاه آوران شنوایی که اطلاعات فراوانی از آن در دسترس است، در رابطه با دستگاه وابران شنوایی، اطلاعات اندکی در دسترس است و همین مسئله کاربرد بالینی این آزمون شگرف را کاهش داده است. مواد و روش‌ها: این مقاله با مرور بر روی 40 مقاله‌ی جامع در خصوص آزمون OAEs و مهار وابران شنوایی تهیه شده است. جستجوی مقالات در pubmed، sciencedirect ، google scholar و proquest صورت گرفت و مقالات جامع با روش بررسی مناسب، که شامل نتایج بررسی دستگاه وابران در جمعیت‌های بالینی بود، برای این مقاله‌ی مروری انتخاب شدند. یافته‌ها: در مورد عملکرد و ویژگی‌های LOCB(Lateral Olivocochlear Bundle) اطلاعات اندکی در دسترس است. اخیرا پیشنهاد شده است که رشته‌های LOCB در ایجاد و حفظ عملکرد هنجار حلزون نقش مهمی ایفا می‌کند. دستگاه وابران به عنوان یک دستگاه تنظیم‌کننده، امکان کنترل مراکز بالاتر مغزی را روی فرآیندهای فعال حلزونی (همانند الکتروموتیلیتی OHCs) فراهم می کند. همچنین فعال شدن COCB اثر ضد پوشش دارد و نسبت سیگنال به نویز را در دستگاه شنوایی افزایش می‌دهد.بنابراین باعث بهبود شنوایی در حضور نویز زمینه می‌شود. نتیجه‌گیری: OAE شاخص غیرتهاجمی، ساده و کارای بررسی تمامیت عملکرد حلزون است و آزمون مهار دگرسویی OAE ابزار بالینی غیرتهاجمی و عینی را جهت ارزیابی دستگاه وابران شنوایی در انسان‌ها فراهم می‌کند . کاربرد این آزمون در بیماران دچار اختلالات شنوایی رو به افزایش است. متخصصان با کسب اطلاع از نتیجه‌ی این آزمون در اختلالات شنوایی می‌توانند به تشخیص به موقع و توانبخشی بیماران کمک کنند. کلید واژه‌ها: گسیل‌های صوتی گوش، حلزون، مسیرهای وابران، اختلالات شنوای

Speed-Power Improvement in High-Voltage Switches Employed in Multielectrode Arrays

In multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), for electrical recording and electrical stimulation, high voltage (HV) switches are employed to build an analog multiplexer to conduct either a HV stimulation signal from the pulse generator circuit to an electrode or a low-voltage noise-sensitive signal from the electrode to a recording stage. In this brief, a new circuit structure is proposed for HV switches that significantly improves their switching speed, reduces their power dissipation, and also employs a minimum number of bulky HV devices. In order to reduce the transition time of the proposed switch without consuming a large amount of power, during the transition time that the switch is turning on/off, a large current flows through the driver circuit of the switch to turn the switch on/off rapidly; however, after the transition times, this current is significantly reduced to save power. Based on the proposed HV switch, a multiplexer structure has been implemented in 25-V, 0.18-μm CMOS IC technology and the measurement results prove its efficacy. Supplied with 25 V and operating with 300 nA current consumption, this switch swings over 20 V with a relatively constant on-resistance of 100 Ω and features a 80 ns transition time